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Chapter 17/Androgens and Puberty 345 23. Boas SR, Cleary DA, Lee PA, Orenstein DM. Salivary testosterone levels in male adolescents with cystic fibrosis. Pediatrics 1996;97:361–363. 24. Bhasin S, Storer TW, Berman N, et al. Testosterone replacement increases fat-free mass and muscle size in hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:407–413. 25. Abu EO, Horner A, Kusec V, et al. The localization of androgen receptors in human bone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:3493–3497. 26. Kasperk CH, Wergedal JE, Farley JR, et al. Androgens directly stimulate proliferation of bone cells in vitro. Endocrinology 1989;124:1576–1578. 27. Manolagas SC, Jilka RL. Bone marrow, cytokines, and bone remodeling. Emerging insights into the pathophysiology of osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 1995;332:305–311. 28. Bellido T, Jilka RL, Boyce BF, et al. Regulation of interleukin-6, osteoclastogenesis, and bone mass by androgens. The role of the androgen receptor. J Clin Invest 1995;95:2886–2895. 29. Fukayama S, Tashjian AH Jr. Direct modulation by androgens of the response of human bone cells (SaOS-2) to human parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PTH-related protein. Endocrinology 1989;125: 1789–1794. 30. Itagane Y, Inada H, Fujita K, Isshiki G. Interactions between steroid hormones and insulin-like growth factor-I in rabbit chondrocytes. Endocrinology 1991;128:1419–1424. 31. Weinstein RL, Kelch RP, Jenner MR, et al. Secretion of unconjugated androgens and estrogens by the normal and abnormal human testis before and after human chorionic gonadotropin. J Clin Invest 1974;53:1–6. 32. Mauras N, O’Brien KO, Welch S, et al. Insulin-like growth factor I and growth hormone (GH) treatment in GH-deficient humans: differential effects on protein, glucose, lipid, and calcium metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:1686–1694. 33. Inkster S, Yue W, Brodie A. Human testicular aromatase: immunocytochemical and biochemical studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80:1941–1947. 34. Klein KO, Martha PM Jr, Blizzard RM, et al. A longitudinal assessment of hormonal and physical alterations during normal puberty in boys. II. Estrogen levels as determined by an ultrasensitive bioassay. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:3203–3207. 35. Sklar CA, Kaplan SL, Grumbach MM. Evidence for dissociation between adrenarche and gonadarche: studies in patients with idiopathic precocious puberty, gonadal dysgenesis, isolated gonadotropin deficiency, and constitutionally delayed growth and adolescence. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1980;51:548–556. 36. Metzger DL, Kerrigan JR, Rogol AD. Gonadal steroid hormone regulation of the somatotrophic axis during puberty in humans: mechanisms of androgen and estrogen action. Trends Endocrinol Metab 1994;5:290–294. 37. Liu L, Merriam GR, Sherins RJ. Chronic sex steroid exposure increases mean plasma growth hormone concentration and pulse amplitude in men with isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987;64:651–656. 38. Aynsley-Green A, Zachmann M, Prader A. Interrelation of the therapeutic effects of growth hormone and testosterone on growth in hypopituitarism. J Pediatr 1976;89:992–999. 39. Mansfield MJ, Rudlin CR, Crigler JF Jr, et al. Changes in growth and serum growth hormone and plasma somatomedin-C levels suppression of gonadal sex steroid secretion in girls with central precocious puberty. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988;66:3–9. 40. Conn PM, Crowley WF Jr. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and its analogs. Annu Rev Med 1994;45: 391–405. 41. Mauras N, Rogol AD, Veldhuis JD. Increased hGH production rate after low-dose estrogen therapy in prepubertal girls with Turner’s syndrome. Pediatr Res 1990;28:626–630. 42. Zhang J, Peddada SD, Malina RM, Rogol AD. Longitudinal assessment of hormonal and physical alterations during normal puberty in boys: VI. Modeling of growth velocity, mean growth hormone (mean GH) and serum testosterone (T) concentrations. Am J Hum Biol 2000;12:814–824. 43. Zachmann M, Prader A, Sobel EH, et al. Pubertal growth in patients with androgen insensitivity: indirect evidence for the importance of estrogens in pubertal growth of girls. J Pediatr 1986;108:694–697. 44. Smith EP, Boyd J, Frank GR, et al. Estrogen resistance caused by a mutation in the estrogen-receptor gene in a man. N Engl J Med 1994;331:1056–1061. 45. Keenan BS, Richards GE, Ponder SW, et al. Androgen-stimulated pubertal growth: the effects of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone on growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I in the treatment of short stature and delayed puberty. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;76:996–1001.
346 Richmond and Rogol 46. Stanhope R, Buchanan CR, Fenn GC, Preece MA. Double blind placebo controlled trial of low dose oxandrolone in the treatment of boys with constitutional delay of growth and puberty. Arch Dis Child 1988;63:501–505. 47. Rosenfeld RG, Frane J, Attie KM, et al. Six-year results of a randomized, prospective trial of human growth hormone and oxandrolone in Turner syndrome. J Pediatr 1992;121:49–55. 48. Nilsson KO, Albertsson-Wikland K, Alm J, et al. Improved final height in girls with Turner’s syndrome treated with growth hormone and oxandrolone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:635–640. 49. Metzger DL, Kerrigan JR. Androgen receptor blockade with flutamide enhances growth hormone secretion in late pubertal males: evidence for independent actions of estrogen and androgen. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;76:1147–1152. 50. Metzger DL, Kerrigan JR. Estrogen receptor blockade with tamoxifen diminishes growth hormone secretion in boys: evidence for a stimulatory role of endogenous estrogens during male adolescence. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;79:513–518. 51. Louis O, Demeirleir K, Kalender W, et al. Low vertebral bone density values in young non-elite female runners. Int J Sports Med 1991;12:214–217. 52. Slemenda CW, Reister TK, Hui SL, et al. Influences on skeletal mineralization in children and adolescents: evidence for varying effects of sexual maturation and physical activity. J Pediatr 1994;125:201–207. 53. Matkovic V, Jelic T, Wardlaw GM, et al. Timing of peak bone mass in Caucasian females and its implication for the prevention of osteoporosis. Inference from a cross-sectional model. J Clin Invest 1994;93:799–808. 54. Bass S, Delmas PD, Pearce G, Hendrich E, et al. The differing tempo of growth in bone size, mass, and density in girls is region-specific. J Clin Invest 1999;104:795–804. 55. Finkelstein JS, Klibanski A, Neer RM, et al. Osteoporosis in men with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Ann Intern Med 1987;106:354–361. 56. Finkelstein JS, Neer RM, Biller BM, et al. Osteopenia in men with a history of delayed puberty. N Engl J Med 1992;326:600–604. 57. Abu EO, Horner A, Kusec V, et al. The localization of androgen receptors in human bone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:3493–3497. 58. Morishima A, Grumbach MM, Simpson ER, et al. Aromatase deficiency in male and female siblings caused by a novel mutation and the physiological role of estrogens. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80(12):3689–3698. 59. Bilezikian JP, Morishima A, Bell J, Grumbach MM. Increased bone mass as a result of estrogen therapy in a man with aromatase deficiency. N Engl J Med 1998;339:599–603. 60. Houchin LD, Rogol AD. Androgen replacement in children with constitutional delay of puberty: the case for aggressive therapy. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;12:427–440. 61. Sanayama K, Noda H, Konda S, et al. Spontaneous growth hormone secretion and plasma somatomedin-C in children of short stature. Endocrinol Jpn 1987;34:627–633. 62. Kerrigan JR, Martha PM Jr, Blizzard RM, Christie CM, Rogol AD. Variations of pulsatile growth hormone release in healthy short prepubertal boys. Pediatr Res 1990;28:11–14. 63. Crowne EC, Shalet SM, Wallace WH, et al. Final height in boys with untreated constitutional delay in growth and puberty. Arch Dis Child 1990;65:1109–1112. 64. Bertelloni S, Baroncelli GI, Battini R, et al. Short-term effect of testosterone treatment on reduced bone density in boys with constitutional delay of puberty. J Bone Miner Res 1995;10:1488–1495. 65. Bourguignon JP. Linear growth as a function of age at onset of puberty and sex steroid dosage: therapeutic implications. Endocr Rev 1988;9:467–488.
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CONTEMPORARY ENDOCRINOLOGY Androgen
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CONTEMPORARY ENDOCRINOLOGY P. Micha
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© 2003 Humana Press Inc. 999 River
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vi Preface We hope Androgens in Hea
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viii Contents 13 Androgens and Body
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x Contributors RICHARD S. LEGRO, MD
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2 Winters and Clark
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4 Winters and Clark chorionic gonad
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6 Winters and Clark LH REGULATION O
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8 Winters and Clark These enzymes a
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10 Winters and Clark -subunit mRNA
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12 Winters and Clark Fig. 3. A sche
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14 Winters and Clark Table 1 Factor
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16 Winters and Clark Table 2 Tissue
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18 Winters and Clark 11. Thomas JL,
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20 Winters and Clark 61. Dufau ML,
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22 Winters and Clark 112. Raivio T,
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24 Brown Fig. 1. Mechanism for andr
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26 Brown increase in intracellular
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28 Brown Fig. 2. Structural and fun
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30 Brown Fig. 3. Amino acid sequenc
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32 Brown tions to shuttle the AR th
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34 Brown Fig. 4. Amino acid primary
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36 Brown part of an inactive chroma
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38 Brown the external genitalia is
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40 Brown tors, as well as the trans
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42 Brown 49. Williams SP, Sigler PB
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44 Brown 100. Gregory CW, He B, Joh
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46 Plymate Table 1 Classification o
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48 Plymate In addition to the direc
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50 Plymate LABORATORY FINDINGS In p
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52 Plymate those manifesting as phe
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54 Plymate result in some improveme
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56 Plymate If both testosterone and
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58 Plymate Persistent Müllerian Du
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60 Plymate INFERTILITY RESULTING FR
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62 Plymate unaffected, contralatera
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64 Plymate SECONDARY HYPOGONADISM H
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66 Plymate Other syndromes manifest
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68 Plymate period after the burn. I
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70 Plymate These findings suggest t
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72 Plymate 49. Goebelsmann U, Horto
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74 Plymate 104. Yoshimoto Y, Moride
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76 Plymate
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78 Sutton, Amory, and Clark levels
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80 Sutton, Amory, and Clark cebo in
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82 Sutton, Amory, and Clark Finaste
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84 Sutton, Amory, and Clark through
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86 Sutton, Amory, and Clark 40. The
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88 Sutton, Amory, and Clark 88. Rob
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90 Lindzey and Korach Fig. 1. Cellu
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92 Lindzey and Korach estrogen sign
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94 Lindzey and Korach TESTIS AND DU
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96 Lindzey and Korach sufficient to
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98 Lindzey and Korach Seminal Vesic
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100 Lindzey and Korach 17. Krege JH
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102 Lindzey and Korach 68. Chang WY
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104 McPhaul on the Y chromosome det
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106 106 McPhaul
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108 McPhaul number of alleles, dele
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110 McPhaul The first mutation of t
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112 McPhaul gene. In vitro studies
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114 McPhaul risk of impaired sperma
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116 McPhaul carrying a single mutan
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118 McPhaul REFERENCES 1. Koopman P
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120 McPhaul 45. Weidemann W, Peters
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122 McPhaul 92. Koivisto P, Kononen
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124 Legro Fig. 1. The spectrum of p
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126 Legro Virilization presents wit
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128 Legro Fig. 3. The paradox of an
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130 Legro small high-density athero
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132 Legro Table 2 Syndromes or Dise
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134 Legro Insulin-Sensitizing Agent
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136 Legro is undetermined according
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138 Legro 39. Lee O, Farquhar C, To
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140 Legro
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142 Wang and Swerdloff PHARMACOLOGY
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144 Wang and Swerdloff The 17α-alk
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146 Wang and Swerdloff Table 2 Dose
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148 Wang and Swerdloff The steroid
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150 Wang and Swerdloff The inabilit
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152 Wang and Swerdloff 15. De Lorim
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154 Wang and Swerdloff
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156 Marcelli et al.
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158 Marcelli et al. Differentiated
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160 Marcelli et al. These coactivat
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162 Marcelli et al. tigators have e
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164 Marcelli et al. AR in Prostate
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166 Marcelli et al. Table 1 Androge
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168 Marcelli et al. A molecular exp
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170 Marcelli et al. The above data
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172 Marcelli et al. up to 9 yr late
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174 Marcelli et al. Three major pha
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176 Marcelli et al. vitro model of
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178 Marcelli et al. yr, survival wa
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180 Marcelli et al. 26. McKenna NJ,
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182 Marcelli et al. 78. Isaacs J, C
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184 Marcelli et al. 126. Watanabe M
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186 Marcelli et al. 177. Kousteni S
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188 Marcelli et al. 231. Colombel M
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190 Marcelli et al.
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192 Wu and von Eckardstein contrace
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194 Wu and von Eckardstein beam com
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196 Wu and von Eckardstein excess o
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198 Wu and von Eckardstein Endogeno
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Table 3 Change in Lipids in Hypogon
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Table 3 (continued) ∆LDL ∆HDL
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204 Wu and von Eckardstein THE HEMO
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206 Wu and von Eckardstein In vivo
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208 Wu and von Eckardstein (uptake
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210 Wu and von Eckardstein 4. Bhasi
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212 Wu and von Eckardstein 57. Barr
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214 Wu and von Eckardstein 107. Fra
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216 Wu and von Eckardstein 152. Zmu
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218 Wu and von Eckardstein 201. Cho
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220 Wu and von Eckardstein 250. Eic
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222 Kenny and Raisz with a cartilag
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224 Kenny and Raisz METABOLISM OF A
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226 Kenny and Raisz The level of th
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228 Kenny and Raisz REFERENCES 1. G
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230 Kenny and Raisz 51. Morishima A
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232 Kenny and Raisz 103. Snyder PJ,
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234 Basaria and Dobs losses in wome
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236 Basaria and Dobs 15 dialysis pa
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238 Basaria and Dobs duced remissio
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240 Basaria and Dobs hematocrit lev
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242 Basaria and Dobs 40. Sanchez-Me
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244 Katznelson in men with testoste
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246 Katznelson Fig. 1. Body weight,
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248 Katznelson change during treatm
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250 Katznelson testosterone or free
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252 Katznelson disproportionate dec
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254 Katznelson have been additional
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256 Katznelson 18. Marin P, Lonn L,
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258 Katznelson 71. Davis SR, McClou
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260 Bancroft Androgen Deficiency an
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262 Bancroft studies had presented
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264 Bancroft Bagatell et al. (36) g
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266 Bancroft much larger group of a
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268 Bancroft In a report of a serie
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270 Bancroft onset was related to a
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272 Bancroft Particularly confusing
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274 Bancroft 4. Studies using place
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276 Bancroft either E and T or plac
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278 Bancroft cytotoxic therapy supp
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280 Bancroft Women with Endocrine A
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282 Bancroft in response to the fil
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284 Bancroft Men are much more awar
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286 Bancroft 22. Morales A, Johnsto
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288 Bancroft 78. Hyde JS, DeLamater
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290 Bancroft 129. Appelt H, Strauss
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292 Cherrier and Craft Fig. 1. Path
Page 305 and 306: 294 Cherrier and Craft ment of the
Page 307 and 308: 296 Cherrier and Craft information
Page 309 and 310: 298 Cherrier and Craft Fig. 3. Wech
Page 311 and 312: 300 Cherrier and Craft gen excess r
Page 313 and 314: 302 Cherrier and Craft occurring wi
Page 315 and 316: 304 Cherrier and Craft gesting that
Page 317 and 318: 306 Cherrier and Craft 39. Gouchie
Page 319 and 320: 308 Cherrier and Craft 94. Kelso WM
Page 321 and 322: 310 Cherrier and Craft
Page 323 and 324: 312 Matsumoto
Page 325 and 326: 314 Matsumoto long-term benefits an
Page 327 and 328: 316 Matsumoto manifestations (7). F
Page 329 and 330: 318 Formulation Usual adult dosage
Page 331 and 332: 320 Matsumoto Fig. 1. Mean serum T
Page 333 and 334: 322 Matsumoto dosage is increased g
Page 335 and 336: 324 Matsumoto Androgel 5 g (50 mg o
Page 337 and 338: 326 Matsumoto gen receptor and tiss
Page 339 and 340: 328 Matsumoto such as hepatic cirrh
Page 341 and 342: 330 Matsumoto occasionally, more se
Page 343 and 344: 332 Matsumoto 27. Bhasin S, Bremner
Page 345 and 346: 334 Matsumoto 77. Dobs AS, Meikle A
Page 347 and 348: 336 Richmond and Rogol PHYSIOLOGY O
Page 349 and 350: 338 Richmond and Rogol activity (28
Page 351 and 352: 340 Richmond and Rogol increase lin
Page 353 and 354: 342 Richmond and Rogol curve, the h
Page 355: 344 Richmond and Rogol Permanent hy
Page 359 and 360: 348 Tenover In aging men, the combi
Page 361 and 362: 350 Tenover Table 1 Changes in Andr
Page 363 and 364: 352 Tenover studies in which eugona
Page 365 and 366: 354 Tenover Table 3 Testosterone Th
Page 367 and 368: 356 Tenover Table 5 ART in Older Me
Page 369 and 370: 358 Tenover be overcome with either
Page 371 and 372: 360 Tenover Laboratory tests should
Page 373 and 374: 362 Tenover 40. Kohrt WM, Malley MT
Page 375 and 376: 364 Tenover 95. Mooradian AD, Morle
Page 377 and 378: 366 Davis Table 1 Proposed Androgen
Page 379 and 380: 368 Davis transdermal testosterone
Page 381 and 382: 370 Davis increase in circulating t
Page 383 and 384: 372 Davis (93). Most recently, Zhou
Page 385 and 386: 374 Davis Table 4 Androgen Replacem
Page 387 and 388: 376 Davis 8. Vierhapper H, Nowotny
Page 389 and 390: 378 Davis 60. Simberg N, Titinen A,
Page 391 and 392: 380 Davis
Page 393 and 394: 382 Bhasin, Woodhouse, and Storer h
Page 395 and 396: 384 Table 2 Effects of Testosterone
Page 397 and 398: 386 Bhasin, Woodhouse, and Storer e
Page 399 and 400: 388 Bhasin, Woodhouse, and Storer F
Page 401 and 402: 390 Bhasin, Woodhouse, and Storer t
Page 403 and 404: Table 3 Effects of Testosterone Sup
Page 405 and 406: Table 4 Effects of Testosterone Sup
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396 Bhasin, Woodhouse, and Storer c
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398 Bhasin, Woodhouse, and Storer C
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400 Bhasin, Woodhouse, and Storer w
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402 Bhasin, Woodhouse, and Storer 4
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404 Bhasin, Woodhouse, and Storer
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406 Amory Fig. 1. The endocrinology
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408 Amory pregnancies fathered by t
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410 Amory antagonists can suppress
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412 Amory 100-mg doses of weekly TE
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414 Amory FUTURE DIRECTIONS Given t
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416 Amory 22. Oral contraception. I
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418 Amory
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420 Anawalt inadequate androgen eff
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422 Anawalt few specialty commercia
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424 Anawalt Fig. 1. (C) Secondary h
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426 Anawalt Fig. 2. Evaluation and
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428 Anawalt All men with secondary
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430 Anawalt anemia (38). With the a
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432 Anawalt osterone levels achieve
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434 Anawalt SIDE EFFECTS OF ANDROGE
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436 Anawalt 7. Rosner W. Errors in
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438 Anawalt 59. Mackey MA, Conway A
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440 Index polycystic ovaries, 131 A
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442 Index lipoid congenital adrenal
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444 Index women, 254 dihydrotestost
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446 Index Pituitary adenoma, male h
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448 Index lipoid congenital adrenal
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