Vermiculture in Egypt: - FAO - Regional Office for the Near East and

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The clearly evident symptoms of the problem are: - Various levels of waste accumulations at various places and locations that became liable to various vectors (rodents and insects) and environmental pollution, bad smells and appearance, aside from frequent uncontrolled open burning that all contribute to negative health and environmental impacts. - Ineffective and environmentally non-sound handling, treatment and recycling techniques that may pose health risks. - Prevalent open-dump type of random solid waste disposal as well as indiscriminate dumping leading to various associated health and environmental hazards. 4.2.2. Main factors contributing to soil waste management problem Municipal solid waste contents for the years 2000-2008 and their distribution are illustrated in Table (4.1) and Table (4.2). The main factors contributing the solid waste problems in Egypt could be summarized as follows: - Actions taken in the past were not always sustainable, and the issues were not addressed in a comprehensive and integrated manner. - Accurate and reliable data concerning solid waste quantities, rates of generation, composition does not exist. Numerous attempts to quantify the problem have been made; however, these attempts are by no means comprehensive or rigorous. - Laws are not applicable with very weak mechanisms for enforcement. - The involvement of the private sector in SWM activities in Egypt has been minimal till the last decade when the private sector became more involved. - Ineffective recycling activities, especially with all kinds of waste mixed together without any plan to encourage sorting at source. Moreover, nonhazardous and hazardous wastes are mixed through the "waste cycle". - Low level of public awareness and improper behaviors and practices in relation to solid waste handling and disposal. Table 4.1. Municipal solid waste contents 2000, 2005 and 2008 Waste % 2000 Waste % 2005 Waste % 2008 Organic materials 45-55% 50-60% 50-60% Paper 10-20% 10-25% 10-25% Plastic 3-12% 3-12% 3-12% Glass 1-5% 1-5% 1-5% Metal 1.5- 7% 1.5- 7% 1.5- 7% Fabrics 1.2- 7% 1.2- 7% 1.2- 7% Others 11-30% 11-30% 11-30% Source: EEAA (2001) and (2006) and CAPMAS (2010) 36
Table 4.2. Distribution of waste according to the sources in 2000 and 2005 Source Estimated quantity 2000 2005 Municipal garbage 14-15 million ton 15-16 million ton Industrial 4-5 million ton 4.5 - 5 million ton Agricultural 23 million ton 25-30 million ton Sludge 1.5 -2 million ton 1.5 -2 million ton Clearing banks sewage outputs and 20 million ton 20 million ton Hospitals 100 -120 million ton 100 -120 million ton Construction demolition waste and 3-4 million ton 3-4 million ton Source: EEAA (2007) 4.2.3. Waste generation rates The total quantity of solid wastes generated in Egypt is 118.6 million tons/year in 2007/2008 as shown in Table (4-3) estimates, including municipal solid waste (garbage), industrial waste, agricultural waste, sludge resulting from sanitation treatment, hospital wastes, construction and demolition debris and wastes from the cleaning of canals and drains. Municipal solid wastes (garbage) include remains of households (about 60 %), shops and commercial markets, service institutions such as schools and educational institutes, utilities, hospitals, administrative buildings, streets, gardens, markets, hotels, and recreation areas, in addition to small factories and camps. Resource recovery reduces the quantity of raw materials needed in production processes. It may therefore reduce dependency on imports and save foreign currency. Reused rubber and plastics, for example, reduce the need for imported raw materials and the reuse of organic waste as compost reduces the dependence on imported chemical fertilizers. Resource recovery saves natural resources, particularly in the form of raw materials and energy. The recycling of aluminum, for example, results in energy savings 14 of up to 96%. An environmentally sound waste disposal system should therefore involve resource recovery as much as possible. However, waste recovery also creates employment opportunities that can conflict with environmental and health criteria. Although the reuse of organic waste helps to prevent environmental degradation and pollution, the recovery methods themselves are often not environmentally sound and may pose health hazards for workers. Within solid waste disposal systems environmental, socio-economic and health costs are rarely considered. The total costs of safe and environmentally acceptable solid waste disposal are poorly documented and are therefore underestimated. However, it is against this background that resource recovery needs to be valued and supported in order to use the potential of recovery to its full extent and to improve existing practices. For many people, working in the informal waste sector is the last resort in the daily struggle for survival. Incomes are usually minimal, and working conditions are often appalling. Nevertheless, some traders have managed to set up a feasible business that can earn reasonable profits. All these people provide a valuable service to society as a 37
Page 1 and 2: Vermiculture in Egypt: Current Deve
Page 3 and 4: The designations employed and the p
Page 5 and 6: 4.3. Overview of organic waste reco
Page 7 and 8: List of tables Table 1.1 Major fami
Page 9: SF6 Sulphur hexafluoride SWM Solid
Page 12 and 13: Executive Summary Vermiculture in E
Page 14 and 15: For three millennia (3,000 years),
Page 16 and 17: 1.3. Types of earthworms Earthworm
Page 18 and 19: enclosure could not be ascribed wit
Page 20 and 21: 2. Trial of vermiculture and vermic
Page 22 and 23: Table 2.2. Advantages and disadvant
Page 24 and 25: 2.1.3. Moisture The bedding used mu
Page 26 and 27: The growth of E. fetida in organic
Page 28 and 29: 18 Photo 2.3. Commercial vermicompo
Page 30 and 31: 2.3. The trial experience in Egypt
Page 32 and 33: 2.3.4. Moisture Photo 2.9. The loca
Page 34 and 35: - Placing narrow strips of 1-2 day
Page 36 and 37: 3. Use of compost worms globally in
Page 38 and 39: vermicastings produced per crop is
Page 40 and 41: users in Dharwad) and $3.2 per ton
Page 42 and 43: 3.4. Vermicompost „teas‟ in Ohi
Page 44 and 45: 4. Current on-farm and urban organi
Page 48 and 49: whole; in many cities the municipal
Page 50 and 51: 4.3. Overview of organic waste reco
Page 52 and 53: Table 4.4. Egypt‟s Integrated Sol
Page 54 and 55: Table 4.6. Solid waste amount produ
Page 56 and 57: which needs to find other alternati
Page 58 and 59: The latest fertilizers consumption
Page 60 and 61: 5.3.2. Vermicomposting of agricultu
Page 62 and 63: Table 5.3. Potential nutrients that
Page 64 and 65: demand in the world. Thus earthworm
Page 66 and 67: earthworms, delivering a protein pu
Page 68 and 69: the cost of fish-keeping, but also
Page 70 and 71: aquaculture started to exert some s
Page 72 and 73: 7. Current on-farm and urban organi
Page 74 and 75: 7.2 Total emissions from waste sect
Page 76 and 77: Greenhouse gases Source & Sink Cate
Page 78 and 79: CH4 ; Figure 7.1. Egypt‟s greenho
Page 80 and 81: properties of the treated sludge, t
Page 82 and 83: The United Nations Framework Conven
Page 84 and 85: 2. Abatement of nitrous oxide from
Page 86 and 87: 9. Analysis of the Egyptian context
Page 88 and 89: Table 9.1. Summary of identified mi
Page 90 and 91: References Aldadi, H.; A.R. Parvare
Page 92 and 93: Ghafoor, A.; M. Hassan and Z.H. Alv
Page 94 and 95: Sunitha, ND; R. S. Giraddi,; K. A.
Page 96 and 97:
How long will the material ingested
Page 98 and 99:
earthworm test species. This specie
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Vermiculture in Egypt: - FAO - Regional Office for the Near East and

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