Vermiculture in Egypt: - FAO - Regional Office for the Near East and

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aquaculture started to exert some significant demand on fish feed. In 2001, there are twelve feed mills that produced about 68 500 tons of specialized feeds. Most of feeds are produced for self-sufficiency to support the needs of Governmental fish farms, but some quantities are available for sale to private sector. Because of the cost, such mills produce fish feeds of 18-32% protein of sinking type pellets, however, higher protein floating feeds could be produced upon request. High quality fish meal provide the major component in the commercial fish feeds and may constitute up to 60% of the total diet for marine species, with higher levels being used in starter and fingerling rations. Generally, a good range of raw materials is available for fish manufacture in Egypt. However, price and competition from the human food and animal feed industries limits the choice. High quality feed materials are in short supply and are expensive. Apart from fish meal (imported and indigenous), the main available protein sources are: soybean meal (hexane-extracted), cottonseed meal (expeller), meat meal, poultry offal meal and feather meal. Other possibilities for new feed materials may be the wide spread marine macroalgae or fresh water weed hyacinth. On local basis, there is a scope for their incorporation into fish feeds particularly for tilapia and mullets. Tables 6.6 and 6.7 show the proximate composition of the tested feed ingredients, namely: acid fish silage (AFS), fermented fish silage (FFS), soybean meal (SBM), a mixture of FFS and SBM (MIX), green macroalga Ulva meal (UM) and red macro-algae Pterocladia meal (PM) compared to fish meal (FM) from different sources and their amino acid profiles, respectively. Table 6.6. Composition (%dry matter) of tested proteins sources or supplements for fish feeds Ingredient Protein Lipid Ash Moisture NFE Fiber DE AFS1 72.90 13.12 12.76 73.28 1.22 - 164 AFS2 73.40 17.10 8.30 - 1.20 - 178 AFS3 63.00 22.10 9.68 75.00 - - 177 FFS 56.67 12.7 20.04 0.98 - - 135 SBMG 44.80 20.60 5.40 5.50 29.20 - 161 SBMB 44.00 1.80 8.00 8.94 37.26 - 103 SBMD 44.00 4.00 6.53 11.00 38.17 7.30 110 UM 17.44 2.5 32.85 3.69 41.47 5.47 64 PM 22.61 2.18 37.3 3.05 28.29 9.62 35 FM1 72.05 10.94 7.00 5.00 8.98 1.02 160 FMD 61.00 8.95 20.72 6.20 9.73 - 136 FMD 61.00 5.00 16.60 5.00 16.70 0.70 127 Source: Wassef (2005). NFE: Nitrogen free extract, by difference; DE: Digestible energy (MJ/Kg); AFS: acid fish silage; FFS: fermented fish silage; SBM: boiled full fat soy meal (G: germinated; B: boilled fullfat; D: defatted); MIX: mixture of FFS and SBM; UM: Ulva meal; PM: Pterocladia meal; FM: fish meal (D: domestic product; I: imported Manhaden). 60
Table 6.7. Amino acid (g/100g protein) profiles of tested protein sources or supplement as compared to fish meal (FM) Amino acid (AA) AFS FFS SBM MIX UM PM FM Indispensable (IAA) Arginine (ARG) Histidine (HIS) Isoleucine (ILE) Leucine (LEU) Lysine (LYS) Methionine (MET) Phenyl-alanine (PHE) Threonine (THR) Valine (VAL) Tryptophan (TRP) Total IAA Dispensable (DAA) Aspartic Acid (ASP) Serine (SER) Glutamic Acid (GLU) Glycine (GLY) Alanine (ALA) Tyrosine (TYR) Proline (PRO) Cysteine (CYS) Total (DAA) Total amino acids 03.62 02.36 02.66 04.43 05.27 01.81 02.36 02.60 03.01 00.63 28.75 05.97 02.62 08.81 03.50 03.74 02.04 02.60 00.73 30.01 58.76 02.86 01.33 01.87 03.73 03.95 01.35 02.30 01.41 02.41 00.36 21.57 61 05.59 04.30 03.64 06.09 04.49 01.25 04.30 02.97 03.86 36.94 15.20 04.15 13.03 03.14 03.54 04.03 04.46 01.13 48.68 85.62 06.20 02.48 03.27 00.51 05.44 02.22 03.06 03.74 03.94 00.72 31.58 05.85 02.80 03.47 05.21 05.62 04.40 04.45 03.94 07.46 43.20 11.54 04.48 09.35 05.53 07.19 03.31 05.15 01.27 47.82 91.02 04.46 02.70 04.53 05.92 06.90 03.26 04.78 04.23 06.69 43.47 10.59 04.08 10.22 07.49 07.23 03.65 04.64 01.51 49.41 92.88 05.88 02.48 04.41 05.71 04.42 02.50 03.87 03.76 04.75 00.80 38.58 02.04 00.66 03.30 04.13 01.47 01.47 00.97 12.57 51.15 Source: Wassef (2005). AFS: acid fish silage; FFS: fermented fish silage; SBM: boiled full fat soy meal; MIX: mixture of FFS and SBM; UM: Ulva meal; PM: Pterocladia meal; FM: fish meal. There is still a great opportunity for Egypt to use the tremendous amount of organic wastes to be used as meal not only for poultry, rabbits, ducks, and geese, but also for aquaculture and large animals. The only missing part is to create awareness and to develop capacity building programs in a well established demonstrated sites representing different geographic regions of the country.
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Vermiculture in Egypt: Current Deve
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The designations employed and the p
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4.3. Overview of organic waste reco
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List of tables Table 1.1 Major fami
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SF6 Sulphur hexafluoride SWM Solid
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Executive Summary Vermiculture in E
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For three millennia (3,000 years),
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1.3. Types of earthworms Earthworm
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enclosure could not be ascribed wit
Page 20 and 21: 2. Trial of vermiculture and vermic
Page 22 and 23: Table 2.2. Advantages and disadvant
Page 24 and 25: 2.1.3. Moisture The bedding used mu
Page 26 and 27: The growth of E. fetida in organic
Page 28 and 29: 18 Photo 2.3. Commercial vermicompo
Page 30 and 31: 2.3. The trial experience in Egypt
Page 32 and 33: 2.3.4. Moisture Photo 2.9. The loca
Page 34 and 35: - Placing narrow strips of 1-2 day
Page 36 and 37: 3. Use of compost worms globally in
Page 38 and 39: vermicastings produced per crop is
Page 40 and 41: users in Dharwad) and $3.2 per ton
Page 42 and 43: 3.4. Vermicompost „teas‟ in Ohi
Page 44 and 45: 4. Current on-farm and urban organi
Page 46 and 47: The clearly evident symptoms of the
Page 48 and 49: whole; in many cities the municipal
Page 50 and 51: 4.3. Overview of organic waste reco
Page 52 and 53: Table 4.4. Egypt‟s Integrated Sol
Page 54 and 55: Table 4.6. Solid waste amount produ
Page 56 and 57: which needs to find other alternati
Page 58 and 59: The latest fertilizers consumption
Page 60 and 61: 5.3.2. Vermicomposting of agricultu
Page 62 and 63: Table 5.3. Potential nutrients that
Page 64 and 65: demand in the world. Thus earthworm
Page 66 and 67: earthworms, delivering a protein pu
Page 68 and 69: the cost of fish-keeping, but also
Page 72 and 73: 7. Current on-farm and urban organi
Page 74 and 75: 7.2 Total emissions from waste sect
Page 76 and 77: Greenhouse gases Source & Sink Cate
Page 78 and 79: CH4 ; Figure 7.1. Egypt‟s greenho
Page 80 and 81: properties of the treated sludge, t
Page 82 and 83: The United Nations Framework Conven
Page 84 and 85: 2. Abatement of nitrous oxide from
Page 86 and 87: 9. Analysis of the Egyptian context
Page 88 and 89: Table 9.1. Summary of identified mi
Page 90 and 91: References Aldadi, H.; A.R. Parvare
Page 92 and 93: Ghafoor, A.; M. Hassan and Z.H. Alv
Page 94 and 95: Sunitha, ND; R. S. Giraddi,; K. A.
Page 96 and 97: How long will the material ingested
Page 98 and 99: earthworm test species. This specie
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Vermiculture in Egypt: - FAO - Regional Office for the Near East and

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