Vermiculture in Egypt: - FAO - Regional Office for the Near East and

More documents

Recommendations

Info

9. Analysis of the Egyptian context and applicability of vermiculture as a means of greenhouse gas emission reduction. In the waste sector, the Egyptian relevant ministries, in collaboration with concerned governorates, have developed several plans and programs over the past ten years to improve the process of collection, reuse and recycling of waste, yet there are several barriers to achieving the goals of these programs. These include financial constraints for the mitigation of greenhouse gass emissions from the waste sector; the significant dependence on external financial support, as grants and concessionary loans, complicating the planning process and slowing down implementation; limited public awareness about the economic benefits of reuse and recycling of waste leads, leading to the hesitation of funding institutions to consider waste management activity as a viable option; the need of technology transfer and high investments for some waste treatment options, such as anaerobic digestion; the weak enforcement of existing laws and regulations for violations in handling waste. 9.1. Profile of wastes in Egypt 9.1.1. Municipal solid waste Waste in Egypt can be considered as constituted of solid waste and wastewater. The total annual amount of solid waste produced in Egypt is about 17 Mt according to the year 2000 estimates. The amount of accumulated solid waste (i.e. waste not collected and dumped in disposal sites but rather dumped on roads and empty lands) was estimated to be about 9.7 Mt for the year 2000, with a total volume of 36,098,936 m 3 (EEAA 2007). This solid waste can be categorized into municipal waste, industrial waste, agriculture waste, waste from cleaning waterways and healthcare waste. Household waste constitutes about 60% of the total municipal waste quantities, with the remaining 40% being generated by commercial establishments, service institutions, streets and gardens, hotels and other entertainment sector entities. Per capita generation rates in Egyptian cities, villages and towns vary from lower than 0.3 kg for low socio-economic groups and rural areas, to more than 1 kg for higher living standards in urban centers. On a nationwide average, the composition is about 50-60% food wastes, 10-20% paper, and 1-7% each of metals, cloth, glass, and plastics, and the remainder is basically inorganic matter and others. Currently, solid waste quantities handled by waste management systems are estimated at about 40,000 tons per day, with 30,000 tons per day being produced in cities, and the rest generated from the pre-urban and rural areas. Various studies indicate low waste collection efficiencies, varying between less than 35% in small provincial towns to 77% in large cities. Final destinations of municipal solid waste entail about 8% of the waste being composted, 2% recycled, 2% landfilled, and 88% dumped in uncontrolled open dumps. In this respect, 16 landfills exist in Egypt: 7 in the Greater Cairo Region, 5 in the Delta governorates and 4 in Upper Egypt. Their capacities range between 0.5 and 76
12 Mt per day. They are usually operated by private entities. Recently, 53 sites have been identified for new landfills, and the construction of 56 composting plants throughout the country is underway. 9.1.2. Agricultural wastes Egypt produces around 25 to 30 Mt of agriculture waste annually (around 66,000 tons per day). Some of this waste is used in the production of organic fertilizers, animal fodder, food production, energy production, or other useful purposes. 9.2. Mitigating greenhouse gas from the solid wastes As a non-annex I country, Egypt is not required to meet any specific emission reduction or limitation targets in terms of commitments under the UNFCCC, or the Kyoto protocol. However, mitigation measures are already in progress. Egypt is fully aware that greenhouse gas emissions reduction, particularly by major producers, is the only measure that could ensure the mitigation of global warming and climate change. The mitigation measures in this section are based on those described in national plans and country studies documents (Table 9.1). Six main criteria have been selected for prioritization of mitigation measures in the waste sector according to Egypt's Second National Communication. These entail investment costs; payback periods; greenhouse gases emission reductions potentials; duration of implementation; priority in national strategies/programs; and contribution to sustainable development. Mitigation options, concluded from a multi-criteria analysis, were combined for each sub-sector in order to generate a number of scenarios for solid waste and wastewater. The lowest greenhouse gas emitting scenario was selected for implementation during the period 2009 to 2025. Mitigation measures under one or more of appropriate treatment categories, the associated emission reduction potential, and investment costs calculated for 25 years lifetime in simple linear amortization cost, are summarized in tables (III.6) and (III.7) for solid waste and wastewater, respectively (EEAA, 2007). 77
Page 1 and 2:
Vermiculture in Egypt: Current Deve
Page 3 and 4:
The designations employed and the p
Page 5 and 6:
4.3. Overview of organic waste reco
Page 7 and 8:
List of tables Table 1.1 Major fami
Page 9:
SF6 Sulphur hexafluoride SWM Solid
Page 12 and 13:
Executive Summary Vermiculture in E
Page 14 and 15:
For three millennia (3,000 years),
Page 16 and 17:
1.3. Types of earthworms Earthworm
Page 18 and 19:
enclosure could not be ascribed wit
Page 20 and 21:
2. Trial of vermiculture and vermic
Page 22 and 23:
Table 2.2. Advantages and disadvant
Page 24 and 25:
2.1.3. Moisture The bedding used mu
Page 26 and 27:
The growth of E. fetida in organic
Page 28 and 29:
18 Photo 2.3. Commercial vermicompo
Page 30 and 31:
2.3. The trial experience in Egypt
Page 32 and 33:
2.3.4. Moisture Photo 2.9. The loca
Page 34 and 35:
- Placing narrow strips of 1-2 day
Page 36 and 37: 3. Use of compost worms globally in
Page 38 and 39: vermicastings produced per crop is
Page 40 and 41: users in Dharwad) and $3.2 per ton
Page 42 and 43: 3.4. Vermicompost „teas‟ in Ohi
Page 44 and 45: 4. Current on-farm and urban organi
Page 46 and 47: The clearly evident symptoms of the
Page 48 and 49: whole; in many cities the municipal
Page 50 and 51: 4.3. Overview of organic waste reco
Page 52 and 53: Table 4.4. Egypt‟s Integrated Sol
Page 54 and 55: Table 4.6. Solid waste amount produ
Page 56 and 57: which needs to find other alternati
Page 58 and 59: The latest fertilizers consumption
Page 60 and 61: 5.3.2. Vermicomposting of agricultu
Page 62 and 63: Table 5.3. Potential nutrients that
Page 64 and 65: demand in the world. Thus earthworm
Page 66 and 67: earthworms, delivering a protein pu
Page 68 and 69: the cost of fish-keeping, but also
Page 70 and 71: aquaculture started to exert some s
Page 72 and 73: 7. Current on-farm and urban organi
Page 74 and 75: 7.2 Total emissions from waste sect
Page 76 and 77: Greenhouse gases Source & Sink Cate
Page 78 and 79: CH4 ; Figure 7.1. Egypt‟s greenho
Page 80 and 81: properties of the treated sludge, t
Page 82 and 83: The United Nations Framework Conven
Page 84 and 85: 2. Abatement of nitrous oxide from
Page 88 and 89: Table 9.1. Summary of identified mi
Page 90 and 91: References Aldadi, H.; A.R. Parvare
Page 92 and 93: Ghafoor, A.; M. Hassan and Z.H. Alv
Page 94 and 95: Sunitha, ND; R. S. Giraddi,; K. A.
Page 96 and 97: How long will the material ingested
Page 98 and 99: earthworm test species. This specie
show all

Vermiculture in Egypt: - FAO - Regional Office for the Near East and

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?