Vermiculture in Egypt: - FAO - Regional Office for the Near East and

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whole; in many cities the municipal refuse collection and disposal services are woefully inadequate, particularly in low-income areas, where waste accumulates in the streets. Improved recovery processes could therefore reduce the amounts of waste that need to be collected, and thus the costs of municipal waste disposal, and could help to reduce the risk to human health. For example, Cairo is renowned for its extensive informal waste recycling system. In the Cairo metropolitan area, 6000 tons of municipal solid waste is generated daily. The municipality collects about 2400 tons per day, while informal workers collect about 2700 tons of household waste per day using a fleet of some 700 donkey carts. The balance of 900 tons remains on the city streets, vacant lots and the peripheries of poorly serviced low-income areas of the city. Table 4.3. Distribution of wastes according to its sources and Governorates 2007/2008 Governorate Source (ton/month) Municipal Industrial Agricultural Sludge m 3 38 Clearing banks & sewage Hospitals Construction and demolition Cairo 1761668 149914 - - - 49860 811488 Giza 139650 - - - - - 77100 Qalyobia - - - - - - - Alexandria - 620500 1296506 - - - - Behira 27330 - 4099.5 5072500 - 1366.5 - Menofia 3281224 2749.42 20617.7 7168 169239 899.57 5035.83 Gharbia 40860 32.5 10069.6 - - 0.5 - Kar ElSheih 65600 - 369619 - 3550 33 56 Damitta 1124 337.2 - - - - - Daqhlia - - 456517 - - - - North Sinia 14.75 700 2083.3 8.3 - 31.7 283.3 South Sinia 47 - - - - - - Port Said 18390.1 - - 2205 - 244.11 - Ismailia 17160 240 2918 369750 25000 35.9 17053 Suis 118625 51666.7 - 18250 37083.3 243.33 760.417 Sharqia 12000 - - - - 11.648 - Beni Suif 45420 178 - 335.3 - 32.88 975 Minia 13406 53.4 45666.5 218 3186 33.08 2566 Assuit 6120 - - - - - - New valley 2322 - 6166 416 666 14.7 583 Sohag 2691 382 409 330 250 290 1919 Qena 2046 480m3 15 90m 3 340 - 1500 9.5 135 12545m 3 Asswan 76003.3 6360 64.1667 0.5833 0.833333 134.46 4080 Red sea 16650 12750m 3 - - - - 2.55 1500 100m 3 Luxor 550 50 250 120 150 8 360 Total 5649880.15 13230 m 833278 2215326 8587.88 203541.8 53255 924254.55 3 90 m 3 - 5462713 m 3 37083.3 m 3 - 12645 m 3 Source: EEAA (2007). The informal sector in Egypt plays a significant role in the solid waste services including waste recycling. This sector has been growing significantly over the last three decades. Therefore, it is essential to understand and recognize the complex role of this sector in solid waste services and to benefit from its existing infrastructure and expertise in any formal initiative (GTZ, 2004).
Over the last three decades, the informal garbage collectors have drastically developed the volume and scope of activities they perform. Solid waste operators in the informal sector generally perform five functions: collection, transportation, recovery, trade, and recycling. It is usually a family business where men do the transportation and trading and women do most of the sorting. The waste sorting and recovery is almost entirely done in the courtyard of garbage collector‟s houses. After waste collection and transportation to the Zabbaleen area, waste is sorted into: (i) organic waste that is fed to the animals, sold to others as animal feed, or sent for composting; and (ii) non-organic waste that is categorized into: paper, plastic, metal, glass, fabric, bones, and residual non-recyclable waste. Subsequently, another sorting process is then undertaken to sort different sub-types of each of the main categories while non-recyclable waste is transported to the municipal disposal site on a monthly basis. The recovered material is sold while the nonrecoverable materials are sent to the municipal dumps. Recyclable materials sorted into categories and sub-categories of paper, plastic, metal, glass, fabric, and bones are transferred to recycling workshops. In 2000, there were more than 220 recycling workshops in the Zabbaleen area of Cairo. About 90% own their workshop space (even if informally) while the remaining 10% rent their workshop. A workshop employs six workers on average. The average area of the recycling workshop is 155 square meters but varies widely depending on the recycling activity performed. Generally plastic recycling and cloth grinders use up the most space and their workshops usually have an area more than 200 m 2 . Metal recycling industries need less space. 4.2.4. Major conventional solid waste systems are - Governmental system: municipalities or cleaning authorities (Cairo and Giza) collect and transfer wastes from the streets, bins, public containers, and supervises public dumpsites and the operation of composting plants either directly or through the private sector. - Traditional “Zabbaleen” (garbage collectors) system: in this system, which date back to the early twentieth century, collectors collect garbage from household units and some commercial establishments, and transfer it to their communities (Zabbaleen villages) for sorting and recycling. Although working conditions and methods used, that are of minimal costs and do not comply with the requirements of health and the environment, yet they are considered by clients as a considerably good service. Further, this system achieves the highest recovery degree possible; sometimes reach 80% of the garbage collected by Zabbaleen, which is estimated by 3000 tons per day in Cairo (about 30% of the total amount generated daily). Local private companies: these collect and transfer garbage in a number of Egyptian cities. They represent a developed model of the garbage collectors‟ system, working in limited areas under the supervision and control of municipalities or cleaning authorities. The final disposal of wastes takes place either at the garbage collectors communities or in public dumpsites. 39
Page 1 and 2: Vermiculture in Egypt: Current Deve
Page 3 and 4: The designations employed and the p
Page 5 and 6: 4.3. Overview of organic waste reco
Page 7 and 8: List of tables Table 1.1 Major fami
Page 9: SF6 Sulphur hexafluoride SWM Solid
Page 12 and 13: Executive Summary Vermiculture in E
Page 14 and 15: For three millennia (3,000 years),
Page 16 and 17: 1.3. Types of earthworms Earthworm
Page 18 and 19: enclosure could not be ascribed wit
Page 20 and 21: 2. Trial of vermiculture and vermic
Page 22 and 23: Table 2.2. Advantages and disadvant
Page 24 and 25: 2.1.3. Moisture The bedding used mu
Page 26 and 27: The growth of E. fetida in organic
Page 28 and 29: 18 Photo 2.3. Commercial vermicompo
Page 30 and 31: 2.3. The trial experience in Egypt
Page 32 and 33: 2.3.4. Moisture Photo 2.9. The loca
Page 34 and 35: - Placing narrow strips of 1-2 day
Page 36 and 37: 3. Use of compost worms globally in
Page 38 and 39: vermicastings produced per crop is
Page 40 and 41: users in Dharwad) and $3.2 per ton
Page 42 and 43: 3.4. Vermicompost „teas‟ in Ohi
Page 44 and 45: 4. Current on-farm and urban organi
Page 46 and 47: The clearly evident symptoms of the
Page 50 and 51: 4.3. Overview of organic waste reco
Page 52 and 53: Table 4.4. Egypt‟s Integrated Sol
Page 54 and 55: Table 4.6. Solid waste amount produ
Page 56 and 57: which needs to find other alternati
Page 58 and 59: The latest fertilizers consumption
Page 60 and 61: 5.3.2. Vermicomposting of agricultu
Page 62 and 63: Table 5.3. Potential nutrients that
Page 64 and 65: demand in the world. Thus earthworm
Page 66 and 67: earthworms, delivering a protein pu
Page 68 and 69: the cost of fish-keeping, but also
Page 70 and 71: aquaculture started to exert some s
Page 72 and 73: 7. Current on-farm and urban organi
Page 74 and 75: 7.2 Total emissions from waste sect
Page 76 and 77: Greenhouse gases Source & Sink Cate
Page 78 and 79: CH4 ; Figure 7.1. Egypt‟s greenho
Page 80 and 81: properties of the treated sludge, t
Page 82 and 83: The United Nations Framework Conven
Page 84 and 85: 2. Abatement of nitrous oxide from
Page 86 and 87: 9. Analysis of the Egyptian context
Page 88 and 89: Table 9.1. Summary of identified mi
Page 90 and 91: References Aldadi, H.; A.R. Parvare
Page 92 and 93: Ghafoor, A.; M. Hassan and Z.H. Alv
Page 94 and 95: Sunitha, ND; R. S. Giraddi,; K. A.
Page 96 and 97: How long will the material ingested
Page 98 and 99:
earthworm test species. This specie
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