Vermiculture in Egypt: - FAO - Regional Office for the Near East and

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Table of contents Table of contents ...................................................................................................................... iv List of Photos ............................................................................................................................ vi List of Figures .......................................................................................................................... vi List of tables ............................................................................................................................ vii Abbreviations ......................................................................................................................... viii Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1 Executive Summary .................................................................................................................. 2 1. Introduction to the use of compost worms in Egypt .............................................................. 3 1.1. Historical background ...................................................................................... 3 1.2. Geographic distribution of earth worms ........................................................ 4 1.3. Types of earthworms ........................................................................................ 6 1.4. Vermicomposting species ................................................................................. 6 1.5. Native earthworm species in Egypt ................................................................. 7 1.6. Vermiculture and vermicomposting ............................................................... 8 2. Trial of vermiculture and vermicomposting implementation in Egypt ............................... 10 2.1. Principle of vermiculture and vermicomposting ......................................... 10 2.1.1. Bedding ..................................................................................................... 10 2.1.2. Worm Food ............................................................................................... 11 2.1.3. Moisture .................................................................................................... 14 2.1.4. Aeration .................................................................................................... 14 2.1.5. Temperature control ................................................................................ 15 2.2. Methods of vermicomposting ......................................................................... 16 2.2.1. Pits below the ground .............................................................................. 16 2.2.2. Heaping above the ground ...................................................................... 17 2.2.3. Tanks above the ground .......................................................................... 17 2.2.4. Cement rings............................................................................................. 18 2.2.5. Commercial model ................................................................................... 18 2.3. The trial experience in Egypt ......................................................................... 20 2.3. 1. Earthworm types used:........................................................................... 20 2.3.2. Bedding ..................................................................................................... 20 2.3.3. Food ........................................................................................................... 21 2.3.4. Moisture .................................................................................................... 22 2.3.5. Aeration .................................................................................................... 22 2.3.6. Temperature ............................................................................................. 23 2.3.7 Harvesting .................................................................................................. 23 3. Use of compost worms globally in countries of similar climate ......................................... 26 3.1 Vermicomposting in Philippines ....................................................................................... 26 3.2 Vermicomposting in Cuba .............................................................................. 28 3.3. Vermicomposting in India .............................................................................. 29 3.4. Vermicompost „teas‟ in Ohio, USA ............................................................... 32 3.5. Vermicomposting in United Kingdom .......................................................... 33 4. Current on-farm and urban organic waste management practices in Egypt: gap analysis. . 34 4.1. On-farm organic waste ................................................................................... 34 4.1.1. Weak points in rice straw system in Egypt ................................................ 35 4.2. Urban wastes ................................................................................................... 35 4.2.1. Overview of solid waste management problem in Egypt .......................... 35 4.2.2. Main factors contributing to soil waste management problem .................. 36 4.2.3. Waste generation rates ............................................................................... 37 4.2.4. Major conventional solid waste systems are .............................................. 39 iv
4.3. Overview of organic waste recovery options ................................................ 40 4.3.1. Feeding animals ........................................................................................ 40 4.3.2. Compost .................................................................................................... 40 4.3.3 Landfill disposal or incineration ................................................................. 40 5. Potential of vermiculture as a means to produce fertilizers in Egypt. ................................. 45 5.1. Fertilizer use in Egypt .................................................................................... 45 5.2. Fertilizer statistics ............................................................................................. 46 5.3. Vermicomposting as fertilizers in Egypt....................................................... 48 5.3.1. Urban waste vermicomposting .................................................................. 49 5.3.2. Vermicomposting of agricultural wastes ................................................... 50 5.3.3. Vermicomposts effect on plant growth ...................................................... 50 5.4. Potentiality of vermicompost as a source of fertilizer in Egypt .................. 51 6. Current animal feed protein supplements production in Egypt and the potential to substitute desiccated compost worms as an animal feed supplement or use of live worms in aquaculture industries. ...................................................................................................... 53 6.1. Animal and aquaculture feed ......................................................................... 53 6.2. Worm meal ...................................................................................................... 54 6.3. Earthworms, the sustainable aquaculture feed of the future ..................... 56 7. Current on-farm and urban organic waste management practices and environmental effects of those practices, e.g. carbon and methane emissions. .................................................... 62 7.1. Emissions from vermicompost ....................................................................... 62 7.2 Total emissions from waste sector in Egypt .................................................. 64 7.3. Emissions from agricultural wastes .............................................................. 66 7.4. Vermifilters in domestic wastewater treatment ........................................... 69 8. Survey of global vermiculture implementation projects focused on greenhouse gas emission reductions ........................................................................................................... 71 8.1. Background ..................................................................................................... 71 8.2. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) achievements in Egypt ................ 73 8.3. Egypt National Strategy on the CDM ........................................................... 74 8.4. The national regulatory framework .............................................................. 75 9. Analysis of the Egyptian context and applicability of vermiculture as a means of greenhouse gas emission reduction. .................................................................................. 76 9.1. Profile of wastes in Egypt ............................................................................... 76 9.1.1. Municipal solid waste ................................................................................ 76 9.1.2. Agricultural wastes .................................................................................. 77 9.2. Mitigating greenhouse gas from the solid wastes ......................................... 77 9.3. Mitigating greenhouse gas from the agriculture wastes .............................. 79 References ............................................................................................................................... 80 Annex 1 ................................................................................................................................... 85 General information and FAQ ................................................................................................. 85 v
Page 1 and 2: Vermiculture in Egypt: Current Deve
Page 3: The designations employed and the p
Page 7 and 8: List of tables Table 1.1 Major fami
Page 9: SF6 Sulphur hexafluoride SWM Solid
Page 12 and 13: Executive Summary Vermiculture in E
Page 14 and 15: For three millennia (3,000 years),
Page 16 and 17: 1.3. Types of earthworms Earthworm
Page 18 and 19: enclosure could not be ascribed wit
Page 20 and 21: 2. Trial of vermiculture and vermic
Page 22 and 23: Table 2.2. Advantages and disadvant
Page 24 and 25: 2.1.3. Moisture The bedding used mu
Page 26 and 27: The growth of E. fetida in organic
Page 28 and 29: 18 Photo 2.3. Commercial vermicompo
Page 30 and 31: 2.3. The trial experience in Egypt
Page 32 and 33: 2.3.4. Moisture Photo 2.9. The loca
Page 34 and 35: - Placing narrow strips of 1-2 day
Page 36 and 37: 3. Use of compost worms globally in
Page 38 and 39: vermicastings produced per crop is
Page 40 and 41: users in Dharwad) and $3.2 per ton
Page 42 and 43: 3.4. Vermicompost „teas‟ in Ohi
Page 44 and 45: 4. Current on-farm and urban organi
Page 46 and 47: The clearly evident symptoms of the
Page 48 and 49: whole; in many cities the municipal
Page 50 and 51: 4.3. Overview of organic waste reco
Page 52 and 53: Table 4.4. Egypt‟s Integrated Sol
Page 54 and 55:
Table 4.6. Solid waste amount produ
Page 56 and 57:
which needs to find other alternati
Page 58 and 59:
The latest fertilizers consumption
Page 60 and 61:
5.3.2. Vermicomposting of agricultu
Page 62 and 63:
Table 5.3. Potential nutrients that
Page 64 and 65:
demand in the world. Thus earthworm
Page 66 and 67:
earthworms, delivering a protein pu
Page 68 and 69:
the cost of fish-keeping, but also
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aquaculture started to exert some s
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7. Current on-farm and urban organi
Page 74 and 75:
7.2 Total emissions from waste sect
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Greenhouse gases Source & Sink Cate
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CH4 ; Figure 7.1. Egypt‟s greenho
Page 80 and 81:
properties of the treated sludge, t
Page 82 and 83:
The United Nations Framework Conven
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2. Abatement of nitrous oxide from
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9. Analysis of the Egyptian context
Page 88 and 89:
Table 9.1. Summary of identified mi
Page 90 and 91:
References Aldadi, H.; A.R. Parvare
Page 92 and 93:
Ghafoor, A.; M. Hassan and Z.H. Alv
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Sunitha, ND; R. S. Giraddi,; K. A.
Page 96 and 97:
How long will the material ingested
Page 98 and 99:
earthworm test species. This specie
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