Vermiculture in Egypt: - FAO - Regional Office for the Near East and

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Table 9.1. Summary of identified mitigation measures for solid wastes. Mitigation Measure 78 Emission reduction potential (ton CO2e per ton MSW) Investment cost (US$/ton MSW) Composting and recycling facilities 0.38 0.92 Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) with electricity generation only, composting, and recycling Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) with substitution in cement kiln, composting, and recycling facilities Anaerobic digestion with recycling (flaring biogas) Anaerobic digestion with recycling facilities (with electricity generation) Source: EEAA (2010). < 0.3 < 0.3 2.07 1.97 0.342 12.16 0.547 16.16 The Egyptian relevant ministries, in close collaboration with concerned governorates, have developed several plans and programs over the past ten years to improve the process of dealing with waste reduction, reuse, recycling and/or proper disposal. These plans and programs lead to the reduction in emissions from the waste sector. Yet there are several barriers to achieving the goals of these programs. These comprise the following: Although financial support for mitigation of greenhouse gases emissions from the waste sector in Egypt has increased significantly over the last years, it still represents a clear constraint in the implementation of the intended programs. The significant dependence on external financial support, as grants and concessionary loans, complicates the planning process, and slows down implementation. The limited public awareness about the economic benefits of mitigation options in the waste sector leads to the hesitation of funding institutions to consider waste management activity as an economically viable option. Technology transfer represents another barrier mainly in anaerobic digestion technologies as it needs high capital investment and skills to operate correctly. Some technologies are designed on site-specific bases, which are not optimal for other regions. Highly local skilled experts and extensive studies are needed for proving the suitability and applicability of the technology according to different varying local conditions in Egypt. All parties in the waste sector are relatively of limited environmental management experience and the mechanisms for coordination with EEAA are not well established. Furthermore, privatization of the waste sector lacks clear
modalities for partnership, particularly with regards to private-public partnership. Weak enforcement of existing laws and regulations for violations in handling waste reduces the opportunity for achieving the goals of the planned programs. 9.3. Mitigating greenhouse gas from the agriculture wastes As the activities of agriculture are too complicated and the share of emission from all agriculture activities is almost 16%, it was not mentioned in the mitigation options for the National Communication of Egypt. Although no studies have been reported on the mitigation from the agricultural wastes, vermicompost could save considerable amounts of greenhouse gases from reducing the amount of crop residues burned. Further studies are still required to elaborate on this subject. 79
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Vermiculture in Egypt: Current Deve
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The designations employed and the p
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4.3. Overview of organic waste reco
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List of tables Table 1.1 Major fami
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SF6 Sulphur hexafluoride SWM Solid
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Executive Summary Vermiculture in E
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For three millennia (3,000 years),
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1.3. Types of earthworms Earthworm
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enclosure could not be ascribed wit
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2. Trial of vermiculture and vermic
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Table 2.2. Advantages and disadvant
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2.1.3. Moisture The bedding used mu
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The growth of E. fetida in organic
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18 Photo 2.3. Commercial vermicompo
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2.3. The trial experience in Egypt
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2.3.4. Moisture Photo 2.9. The loca
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- Placing narrow strips of 1-2 day
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3. Use of compost worms globally in
Page 38 and 39: vermicastings produced per crop is
Page 40 and 41: users in Dharwad) and $3.2 per ton
Page 42 and 43: 3.4. Vermicompost „teas‟ in Ohi
Page 44 and 45: 4. Current on-farm and urban organi
Page 46 and 47: The clearly evident symptoms of the
Page 48 and 49: whole; in many cities the municipal
Page 50 and 51: 4.3. Overview of organic waste reco
Page 52 and 53: Table 4.4. Egypt‟s Integrated Sol
Page 54 and 55: Table 4.6. Solid waste amount produ
Page 56 and 57: which needs to find other alternati
Page 58 and 59: The latest fertilizers consumption
Page 60 and 61: 5.3.2. Vermicomposting of agricultu
Page 62 and 63: Table 5.3. Potential nutrients that
Page 64 and 65: demand in the world. Thus earthworm
Page 66 and 67: earthworms, delivering a protein pu
Page 68 and 69: the cost of fish-keeping, but also
Page 70 and 71: aquaculture started to exert some s
Page 72 and 73: 7. Current on-farm and urban organi
Page 74 and 75: 7.2 Total emissions from waste sect
Page 76 and 77: Greenhouse gases Source & Sink Cate
Page 78 and 79: CH4 ; Figure 7.1. Egypt‟s greenho
Page 80 and 81: properties of the treated sludge, t
Page 82 and 83: The United Nations Framework Conven
Page 84 and 85: 2. Abatement of nitrous oxide from
Page 86 and 87: 9. Analysis of the Egyptian context
Page 90 and 91: References Aldadi, H.; A.R. Parvare
Page 92 and 93: Ghafoor, A.; M. Hassan and Z.H. Alv
Page 94 and 95: Sunitha, ND; R. S. Giraddi,; K. A.
Page 96 and 97: How long will the material ingested
Page 98 and 99: earthworm test species. This specie
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Vermiculture in Egypt: - FAO - Regional Office for the Near East and

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