Table 5.3. Potential nutrients that could be obta<strong>in</strong>ed from urban <strong>and</strong> agriculture wastes <strong>in</strong> <strong>Egypt</strong>* Waste Ton/year Fraction organic Fraction efficiency collection Fraction of waste to be compost Quantity, Ton Type 15500000 0.55 0.70 0.33 1,988,968 Compost 20,815 N Urban 5,088 P 10,639 K 23000000 1.00 1.00 0.33 7,665,900 Compost Agriculture 80,225 19,610 N P 41,004 K 9,654,868 Compost Total 101,039 24,698 N P 51,642 K *Estimated as <strong>the</strong> assumptions of fractions <strong>and</strong> fixed percent of N, P <strong>and</strong> K <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> compost. Source: CAPMAS (2010) 52
6. Current animal feed prote<strong>in</strong> supplements production <strong>in</strong> <strong>Egypt</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> potential to substitute desiccated compost worms as an animal feed supplement or use of live worms <strong>in</strong> aquaculture <strong>in</strong>dustries. Production of vermicompost <strong>and</strong> vermiculture is covered <strong>in</strong> previous chapters. In order to utilize <strong>the</strong> products <strong>and</strong> byproducts of <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>dustry, clear end-users should be def<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> order to facilitate <strong>the</strong> development of <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>dustry. One important possible consumption cha<strong>in</strong> is <strong>the</strong> utilization <strong>in</strong> animal <strong>and</strong> fish feed prote<strong>in</strong> supplement. This chapter h<strong>and</strong>les such possibilities. 6.1. Animal <strong>and</strong> aquaculture feed The basic reason <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> poor per<strong>for</strong>mance of livestock <strong>in</strong> develop<strong>in</strong>g countries is <strong>the</strong> seasonal <strong>in</strong>adequacy of feed, both <strong>in</strong> quantity <strong>and</strong> quality (Makkar, 2002). These deficiencies have rarely been corrected by conservation <strong>and</strong>, or, supplementation, often <strong>for</strong> lack of <strong>in</strong>frastructure, technical know-how, poor management, etc. In addition, many feed resources that could have a major impact on livestock production cont<strong>in</strong>ue to be unused, undeveloped or poorly utilized. A critical factor <strong>in</strong> this regard has been <strong>the</strong> lack of proper underst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g of <strong>the</strong> nutritional pr<strong>in</strong>ciples underly<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir utilization. Poultry waste has been successfully used <strong>in</strong> rum<strong>in</strong>ant rations <strong>in</strong> <strong>Egypt</strong>. The total bacterial count was considerably lower <strong>in</strong> sun dried poultry waste compared to <strong>the</strong> oven dried waste. Aflatox<strong>in</strong>s were not detectable <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> concentrate mixtures conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g poultry litter. Both feed <strong>in</strong>take <strong>and</strong> milk production <strong>in</strong> ewes was not affected by <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>clusion of 14% poultry waste as a dietary supplement, suggest<strong>in</strong>g that cottonseed meal <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r high prote<strong>in</strong> feed <strong>in</strong>gredients could be, at least partially replaced, by poultry waste without any loss <strong>in</strong> productivity. The weight <strong>and</strong> age at puberty of lambs fed a ration conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g 17% poultry waste was similar to those given a ration without any poultry waste. Similarly, poultry waste up to 20% <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> diet had no detrimental effect on growth <strong>in</strong> cattle <strong>and</strong> buffaloes <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong> reproductive per<strong>for</strong>mance <strong>in</strong> buffalo heifers evaluated. The <strong>in</strong>clusion of 15% poultry waste <strong>in</strong> mixed concentrate feed decreased <strong>the</strong> cost of feed by about 10% (Makkar, 2002). It is an ancient practice <strong>in</strong> Ch<strong>in</strong>a to feed earthworms to livestock <strong>and</strong> poultry, i.e. to dig earthworms from fields to feed chickens <strong>and</strong> ducks or to graze chicken <strong>and</strong> ducks to feed on earthworms at ease. Earthworms are rich <strong>in</strong> nutrients with high prote<strong>in</strong>. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to measurements, <strong>the</strong> crude prote<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> dry earthworms reaches about 70%, while <strong>in</strong> wet earthworms about 10-20%. The am<strong>in</strong>o acids of earthworm prote<strong>in</strong> are complete, especially <strong>the</strong> contents of Glutamic acid, Leuc<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> Lys<strong>in</strong>e, among which Arg<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>e is higher than fish meal, <strong>and</strong> Tryptophan is 4 times higher than <strong>in</strong> blood powder, <strong>and</strong> 7 times higher than <strong>in</strong> cow liver. Earthworms are rich <strong>in</strong> Vitam<strong>in</strong> A <strong>and</strong> Vitam<strong>in</strong> B. There is 0.25mg of Vitam<strong>in</strong> B1 <strong>and</strong> 2.3mg of Vitam<strong>in</strong> B2 <strong>in</strong> each 100 g of earthworms. Vitam<strong>in</strong> D accounts <strong>for</strong> 0.04%-0.073% of earthworms‟ wet weight. In view of <strong>the</strong> great effects of El Niño, fish meal from Peru can not meet <strong>the</strong> market 53
Change language