Vermiculture in Egypt: - FAO - Regional Office for the Near East and

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demand in the world. Thus earthworms are the best substitute with the functions of supplements, anti-diseases and allurement. Earthworms are used as additive to produce pellet feeds in the USA, Canada and Japan, which account for 50% of the pellet feed market. However, when earthworms are used as feeds, one must note that earthworms degrade quickly and should be processed within several hours by hot wind or freeze drying. In general earthworms contain more pollutants than fish meal because it is hard to clean residues from the epidermis and seta of earthworms. Some people realize that it is better to feed earthworms in wet. For fowls, the earthworm amount could reach 50% and for swamp eel 100% (Kangmin, 2005). 6.2. Worm meal Worm meal or vermin-meal is an excellent source of protein and nutrients. Earthworms typically contain over 80% moisture and can be fed directly to animals. To preserve the worms and process them into to a more convenient food they can be dried and ground up into worm meal. In addition to the protein, worms are a valuable source of essential amino acids and vitamins. The fats in worms are highly unsaturated and no additional antioxidants need to be added to the worm meal to preserve it. Worm meal may replace fish meal and meat and bone meal. Broilers fed with earthworm meal consumed 13% less feed for the same weight gain than those fed with ordinary broiler diet, but given live in earthworms matured 15 days earlier than the control group without earthworms (Hertrampf and Piedad-Pascual, 2000). Earthworms are the best bait for anglers. Pay attention to the palatability of various species of earthworms. It is said that Eisenia foetida can produce a substance fish do not like. In Australia they culture 3-4 species of earthworms: red wiggler Lumbricus rubellus, Indian blue Perionyx excavatus, African earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae, and Eisenia foetida. Table (6.1) shows the different composition of several earth worms. Different fish prefer different species of earthworms as bait, the palatability of earthworms is out of question. Table (6.2) shows the richness of vermin meal with essential amino acids, while Table (6.3) demonstrate the macro and trace mineral contents of freeze dried vermi meal (Eudrilus eugeniae). The protein content of earthworms is complete, containing 8-9 essential amino acids for human beings, including 9-10% tasty glutamic acid. Compared with other meat, the protein of earthworms is higher than meat and the lipid, 2% lower than meat. From the view point of health, earthworms might be one of ideal food with high protein and low lipid for human beings. In southern China and Taiwan people used to eat earthworms. There are many dishes of earthworms: mince meat of earthworm as stuffing for dumplings to increase delicacy and prevent it from going bad. It is said that spiced sauce from ROK has a big market in SEA. For human consumption a worm farm should use beer spent grains or mushroom spent substrate to feed earthworms. The Edible Fungi Scientific Center in Qingyuan as well as Shanghai Academy of Agriculture has developed artificial logs which do not require pure hardwood chips. Each year Qingyuan produces some 50,000 tons of used logs. This substrate of shiitake Lentinus edodes could also generate as much as 5,000 tons of 54
earthworms and in turn can be processed to quality human food. It is said that there are 200 kinds of food from earthworms in the U.S.A (Kangmin, 2005). Earthworms are the future of seafood. Not yet, but they will be (Shiner , 2009). Table 6.1. Chemical composition % of various worm meal (in dry matters) Eisenia Lumbricus foetida terrestils Moisture 83.3 81.1 Crude protine 57.4 56.1 Crude fat 13.2 2.1 Ash 10.8 28.7 Crude fiber 0.7 - N-free extract 18.2 13.1 Source: Hertrampf and Piedad-Pascua l(2000). 55 Allolobophora longa 78.3 50.4 1.4 35.2 - 12.9 Table 6.2. Essential amino acid profile of vermi meals (g/16 gN) Eisenia Lumbricus foetida terrestils Arginine 3.67 3.17 Histidine 1.39 1.38 Isoleucine 2.85 2.20 Leucine 4.90 4.11 Lysine 4.16 3.52 Methionine 0.83 1.11 Phenylalanine 2.65 2.02 Theronine 3.07 2.48 Tryptophan 0.67 0.44 Valine 3.11 2.30 Source: Hertrampf and Piedad-Pascua l( 2000). Allolobophora longa 3.15 1.01 2.24 3.57 3.43 0.5 2.65 2.11 - 2.46 Neries sp. Eudrilus eugeniae - 85.3 47.0 56.4 25.2 7.9 6.6 13.1 -0.6 5.9 20.6 17.8 Eudrilus eugeniae 4.95 1.58 2.82 5.22 4.50 1.04 2.47 3.22 0.63 3.39 Table 6.3. Macro and trace mineral contents of freeze dried vermi meal (Eudrilus eugeniae) Calcium Phosphorus Sodium Iron Zinc Copper Cadmium % % % mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg Source: Hertrampf and Piedad-Pascual (2000). 1.5 0.9 0.2 100.0 122.5 7.8 21.0 The key to the multi-pronged success of earthworms as aquaculture fodder is their diet of organic wastes. Land-based pollution, such as festering animal manure, is an enormous problem for coastal fisheries impacted by runoff. Britain alone produces 84 megatons of cow manure, 9 megatons of pig waste and 5 megatons of chicken waste each year, much of which flows to the coast as runoff. This pollution is a significant contributor to the declining productivity of wild fish stocks, as fish struggle to cope with their heavily contaminated environment. Earthworms solve this problem by converting land animal wastes into high-protein aquaculture feed. Earthworms convert cow manure into dry matter at a remarkable 10 percent clip, such that Britain‟s 84 megatons of cow manure could produce 8.4 megatons of dehydrated
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Vermiculture in Egypt: Current Deve
Page 3 and 4:
The designations employed and the p
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4.3. Overview of organic waste reco
Page 7 and 8:
List of tables Table 1.1 Major fami
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SF6 Sulphur hexafluoride SWM Solid
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Executive Summary Vermiculture in E
Page 14 and 15: For three millennia (3,000 years),
Page 16 and 17: 1.3. Types of earthworms Earthworm
Page 18 and 19: enclosure could not be ascribed wit
Page 20 and 21: 2. Trial of vermiculture and vermic
Page 22 and 23: Table 2.2. Advantages and disadvant
Page 24 and 25: 2.1.3. Moisture The bedding used mu
Page 26 and 27: The growth of E. fetida in organic
Page 28 and 29: 18 Photo 2.3. Commercial vermicompo
Page 30 and 31: 2.3. The trial experience in Egypt
Page 32 and 33: 2.3.4. Moisture Photo 2.9. The loca
Page 34 and 35: - Placing narrow strips of 1-2 day
Page 36 and 37: 3. Use of compost worms globally in
Page 38 and 39: vermicastings produced per crop is
Page 40 and 41: users in Dharwad) and $3.2 per ton
Page 42 and 43: 3.4. Vermicompost „teas‟ in Ohi
Page 44 and 45: 4. Current on-farm and urban organi
Page 46 and 47: The clearly evident symptoms of the
Page 48 and 49: whole; in many cities the municipal
Page 50 and 51: 4.3. Overview of organic waste reco
Page 52 and 53: Table 4.4. Egypt‟s Integrated Sol
Page 54 and 55: Table 4.6. Solid waste amount produ
Page 56 and 57: which needs to find other alternati
Page 58 and 59: The latest fertilizers consumption
Page 60 and 61: 5.3.2. Vermicomposting of agricultu
Page 62 and 63: Table 5.3. Potential nutrients that
Page 66 and 67: earthworms, delivering a protein pu
Page 68 and 69: the cost of fish-keeping, but also
Page 70 and 71: aquaculture started to exert some s
Page 72 and 73: 7. Current on-farm and urban organi
Page 74 and 75: 7.2 Total emissions from waste sect
Page 76 and 77: Greenhouse gases Source & Sink Cate
Page 78 and 79: CH4 ; Figure 7.1. Egypt‟s greenho
Page 80 and 81: properties of the treated sludge, t
Page 82 and 83: The United Nations Framework Conven
Page 84 and 85: 2. Abatement of nitrous oxide from
Page 86 and 87: 9. Analysis of the Egyptian context
Page 88 and 89: Table 9.1. Summary of identified mi
Page 90 and 91: References Aldadi, H.; A.R. Parvare
Page 92 and 93: Ghafoor, A.; M. Hassan and Z.H. Alv
Page 94 and 95: Sunitha, ND; R. S. Giraddi,; K. A.
Page 96 and 97: How long will the material ingested
Page 98 and 99: earthworm test species. This specie
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Vermiculture in Egypt: - FAO - Regional Office for the Near East and

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