Vermiculture in Egypt: - FAO - Regional Office for the Near East and

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The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change – UNFCCC was agreed at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro, 1992. This agreement aims at the stabilization of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, at a level that would prevent dangerous changes to the climate. The UNFCCC adopted Kyoto Protocol at the third conference of parties (COP3) in Kyoto, Japan in 1997. The Protocol sets binding commitments by 39 developed countries and economies in transition, listed in Annex B, to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions by an average of 5.2 per cent on 1990 levels (the first commitment period, 2008 - 2012). The UNFCCC divides countries in two main groups: Annex I parties that include the industrialized countries and countries with “economies in transition” /EITs (the Russian Federation, the Baltic States and several other Central and Eastern European countries). All the others are called non-Annex I countries. Annex I countries that have ratified the Kyoto Protocol can invest in projects that both reduce greenhouse gases and contribute to sustainable development in non-Annex I countries. A CDM project provides certified emissions reductions (CERs) to Annex I countries, which they can use to meet their greenhouse gas reduction commitments under the Kyoto Protocol. Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol sets out three goals for the CDM: i) To help mitigate climate change; ii) To assist Annex I countries attain their emission reduction commitments, and iii) To assist developing countries in achieving sustainable development. In addition to contribute towards sustainable development, CDM project candidates looking for approval under the CDM must lead to real, measurable reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, or lead to the measurable absorption (or “sequestration”) of greenhouse gases in a developing country. The six greenhouse gases and gas classes coming from varied sources of the economy are: carbon dioxide "CO2" (source: fossil fuel combustion; deforestation; agriculture); methane "CH4" (source: agriculture; land use change; biomass burning; landfills); nitrous oxide "N2O" (source: fossil fuel combustion; industrial; agriculture); hydrofluorocarbons "HFCs" (source: industrial /manufacturing); perfluorocarbons "PFCs" (source: industrial/manufacturing); sulphur hexafluoride "SF6" (source: electricity transmission; manufacturing(. The baseline for a CDM project is the scenario used to show the trend of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions that would occur in the absence of the proposed CDM project. The baseline basically shows what would be the future greenhouse gas emissions without the CDM project intervention. Each CDM project has to develop its own baseline. Once a baseline methodology has been approved by the Executive Board, other projects can use it too. For small-scale projects, guidance is provided on standard baselines. Greenhouse gas emissions from a CDM project activity must be reduced below those that would have occurred in the absence of the project. It must be shown that the project would not have been implemented without the CDM. Without this “additionality” requirement, there is no guarantee that CDM projects will create 72
incremental greenhouse gas emissions reductions equivalent to those that would have been made in Annex I countries, or play a role in the ultimate objective of stabilizing atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. CERs generated by CDM projects that are used by Annex 1 countries to meet their Kyoto targets allow emissions in these countries to rise. Therefore if CERs are awarded to activities that would happen without the CDM project, i.e. for reductions that would occur anyway, Annex 1 emissions are allowed to rise without a corresponding cut elsewhere, thereby raising global emissions. The only winners are the buyers of cheap credits, because host countries do not receive new investment and climate change is not being mitigated. CDM projects assist developing countries to achieve sustainable development. Industrialized countries have developed domestic policies to comply with the Kyoto Protocol. This has led to a growing demand for carbon credits. Developing countries may supply such carbon credits. While many factors influence the size and stability of the global market, facts indicate that this market would move billions of dollars a year, increasing foreign investment capital flow in developing countries. According to the Kyoto Protocol, investments in various sectors of non-Annex I countries may qualify for CDM credits in 1) energy fuel combustion: energy industries; manufacturing industries and construction; transport; other sectors; 2) Fugitive emissions from fuels: solid fuels; oil and natural gas; 3) industrial processes: mineral products; chemical industry; metal production; other production; production and consumption of halocarbons and sulphur hexaflouride; 4) solvent; 5) agriculture: enteric fermentation; manure management; rice cultivation; agricultural soils; prescribed burning of savannas; filed burning of agricultural residues; 6) solid waste disposal on land; wastewater handling; waste incineration; 7) land-use, land-use change, and forestry: afforestation; reforestation; avoided deforestation for thermal energy in small-scale projects. 8.2. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) achievements in Egypt Clean Development Mechanism is one of Kyoto Protocol three mechanisms which include Joint Implementation and Emissions Trading. The aim from applying CDM is the implementation of projects reducing greenhouse gas emissions from different sectors such as industry, waste recycling, transport, switching to usage of natural gas as a fuel, and afforestation to absorb greenhouse gas. These projects contribute to achieving sustainable development goals, create job opportunities, produce additional financial return from selling carbon reduction certificates as a result. During 2007, NCCC held 6 meetings (3 for the Egyptian Bureau for CDM (EB-CDM) and the Egyptian Council for CDM (EC-CDM)). Seventeen CDM projects have been approved and Letters of No-Objection (LoN) have been issued (first phase of project approval). Such projects include: 1. Abatement of nitrous oxide from the acid factory, Delta Fertilizers and Chemical Industries. 73
Page 1 and 2:
Vermiculture in Egypt: Current Deve
Page 3 and 4:
The designations employed and the p
Page 5 and 6:
4.3. Overview of organic waste reco
Page 7 and 8:
List of tables Table 1.1 Major fami
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SF6 Sulphur hexafluoride SWM Solid
Page 12 and 13:
Executive Summary Vermiculture in E
Page 14 and 15:
For three millennia (3,000 years),
Page 16 and 17:
1.3. Types of earthworms Earthworm
Page 18 and 19:
enclosure could not be ascribed wit
Page 20 and 21:
2. Trial of vermiculture and vermic
Page 22 and 23:
Table 2.2. Advantages and disadvant
Page 24 and 25:
2.1.3. Moisture The bedding used mu
Page 26 and 27:
The growth of E. fetida in organic
Page 28 and 29:
18 Photo 2.3. Commercial vermicompo
Page 30 and 31:
2.3. The trial experience in Egypt
Page 32 and 33: 2.3.4. Moisture Photo 2.9. The loca
Page 34 and 35: - Placing narrow strips of 1-2 day
Page 36 and 37: 3. Use of compost worms globally in
Page 38 and 39: vermicastings produced per crop is
Page 40 and 41: users in Dharwad) and $3.2 per ton
Page 42 and 43: 3.4. Vermicompost „teas‟ in Ohi
Page 44 and 45: 4. Current on-farm and urban organi
Page 46 and 47: The clearly evident symptoms of the
Page 48 and 49: whole; in many cities the municipal
Page 50 and 51: 4.3. Overview of organic waste reco
Page 52 and 53: Table 4.4. Egypt‟s Integrated Sol
Page 54 and 55: Table 4.6. Solid waste amount produ
Page 56 and 57: which needs to find other alternati
Page 58 and 59: The latest fertilizers consumption
Page 60 and 61: 5.3.2. Vermicomposting of agricultu
Page 62 and 63: Table 5.3. Potential nutrients that
Page 64 and 65: demand in the world. Thus earthworm
Page 66 and 67: earthworms, delivering a protein pu
Page 68 and 69: the cost of fish-keeping, but also
Page 70 and 71: aquaculture started to exert some s
Page 72 and 73: 7. Current on-farm and urban organi
Page 74 and 75: 7.2 Total emissions from waste sect
Page 76 and 77: Greenhouse gases Source & Sink Cate
Page 78 and 79: CH4 ; Figure 7.1. Egypt‟s greenho
Page 80 and 81: properties of the treated sludge, t
Page 84 and 85: 2. Abatement of nitrous oxide from
Page 86 and 87: 9. Analysis of the Egyptian context
Page 88 and 89: Table 9.1. Summary of identified mi
Page 90 and 91: References Aldadi, H.; A.R. Parvare
Page 92 and 93: Ghafoor, A.; M. Hassan and Z.H. Alv
Page 94 and 95: Sunitha, ND; R. S. Giraddi,; K. A.
Page 96 and 97: How long will the material ingested
Page 98 and 99: earthworm test species. This specie
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Vermiculture in Egypt: - FAO - Regional Office for the Near East and

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