Paper_Clip_Tutorial Part1.pdf - GaBi Software

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Conducting Life Cycle Assessments Figure 3: Process Flow Diagram A system’s boundaries are defined by cut-off criteria. Cut-off criteria are used to define the parts and materials included in and excluded from the product system. For example, cutoff criteria can be used to determine that any material production process that contributes less than 5% to the product’s overall weight can be excluded. Cut-off criteria might also be based on the number of processing steps in a process chain or the estimated contribution of a process to the overall environmental impact of the system. Often a combination of different cut-off criteria has to be used in order to define the system boundaries properly. For example, when the system boundaries are defined by cut-off criteria according to mass, an additional check should be carried out to determine whether or not small but very effective amounts of strong pollutants and toxins are cut off the system. To avoid that, additional cut-off criteria according to impact can be applied. There are four main options to define the system boundaries used (shown in Figure 4): • Cradle to Grave: includes the material and energy production chain and all processes from the raw material extraction through the production, transportation and use phase up to the product’s end of life treatment. • Cradle to Gate: includes all processes from the raw material extraction through the production phase (gate of the factory); used to determine the environmental impact of the production of a product. • Gate to Grave: includes the processes from the use and end-of-life phases (everything post production); used to determine the environmental impacts of a product once it leaves the factory. 14
Conducting Life Cycle Assessments • Gate to Gate: includes the processes from the production phase only; used to determine the environmental impacts of a single production step or process. The ISO 14044 standard details the selection of a system boundary for LCA studies. Figure 4: System Boundaries. 2.1.2.4 Allocation and System Expansion In many processes more than one product is produced. In such a case all inputs and outputs of the process have to be allocated to the different products Allocation is the partitioning and relating of inputs and outputs of a process to the relevant products and byproducts. The allocation to different products can be done according to one of the rules defined below. • Allocation by Mass: The inputs and outputs of a process are assigned to all of its products proportionally to their mass • Allocation by Heating Value: The inputs and outputs of a process are assigned to all of its products according to their heating value. This allocation method is often used for production processes of fuels. • Allocation by Market Value: The inputs and outputs of a process are assigned to all of its products according to their market value. • Allocation by Other Rules: This can include exergy, substance content, etc. 15
Page 1 and 2: GaBi Paper Clip Tutorial Part 1 Int
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents 1 Introduction to
Page 5 and 6: 19 Working with the balance tab ...
Page 7 and 8: Nomenclature Abbreviation Explanati
Page 9 and 10: Introduction to Life Cycle Assessme
Page 11 and 12: Conducting Life Cycle Assessments 2
Page 13: Conducting Life Cycle Assessments w
Page 17 and 18: Conducting Life Cycle Assessments
Page 19 and 20: Conducting Life Cycle Assessments P
Page 21 and 22: Conducting Life Cycle Assessments I
Page 23 and 24: 3.0E-11 2.5E-11 2.0E-11 1.5E-11 1.0
Page 25 and 26: Conducting Life Cycle Assessments
Page 27 and 28: • weighting procedure 2.4.5 Criti
Page 29 and 30: If so, you can skip this step. Proc
Page 31 and 32: 7. You can close this model. Proced
Page 33 and 34: Procedure 07 Creating a plan and ad
Page 35 and 36: 07.04 Searching for processes Proce
Page 37 and 38: Procedure 08 Creating a new process
Page 39 and 40: Procedure energies is avoided by th
Page 41 and 42: Procedure 09.04 Inputs and outputs
Page 43 and 44: Procedure If a number of possible m
Page 45 and 46: Procedure 45
Page 47 and 48: Procedure The reference quantity of
Page 49 and 50: Procedure You do this to specify th
Page 51 and 52: Procedure Make sure that each of th
Page 53 and 54: Procedure 13 Using auto-connect and
Page 55 and 56: 13.04 Adding a transport process Pr
Page 57 and 58: 14 Linking processes Procedure Let
Page 59 and 60: 15 Adding a plan to a plan Procedur
Page 61 and 62: Procedure and recycling processes o
Page 63 and 64: 16 Adjusting visual appearance 16.0
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17.02 GaBi Dashboard Procedure The
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The select object window will open.
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Procedure 104. In the ‘Name’ fi
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Procedure If you’d like, you can
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19 Working with the balance tab 19.
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Procedure sea water, agricultural s
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Procedure The balance window now di
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20 Analyzing weak points Procedure
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21 Exporting results and charts Pro
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Procedure From the dashboards, simp
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Appendix A Appendix A Description o
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The acidification potential is give
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Appendix A effects are changes in g
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Appendix A Appendix A 9 Abiotic Dep
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