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ro a coral reef, and in 1877 he published a book " Bilder aus Oberagypten, der Wiiste und dem Rothen
Meere" reporting on coral reefs in chapter 6. In the second and third pans of his " Korallthiere des Rothen
"'\ceres" , published in 1879, he gave a systematic description of the reef corals that he had collected. For
the first time in this work phoros of corals were published in which details can be recognized with the aid
of a magnifying glass. The first part which was published in 1877 deals with the rest of the Anthozoans,
that is especially Alcyonacea, Gorgonacea and Actiniaria. In 1880 KLUNZINGER wrote " Ober das Wachsthum
der Ko ra llen". Some of KLUNZINGER 's duplicates are in the old co llection of the Hessisches Landesmuseum
Darmstadt rogether with other corals from the Red Sea, they are included in the present
report. More details about KLUNZINGER are given by W. KLAUSEWITZ (1964) in his introduction ro
KLUNZING ER's fishes of the Red Sea.
The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 allowed easier access ro the Red Sea. In 1873 Ernst HAECKEL
visited the coral reefs of Et Tur. Full of enthusiasm he wrote about them in his book " Arabische Korallen"
(1876). His collection was evaluated by G. v. KOCH in " Anaromie der Orgelkoralle" (1874) and "Anaromie
von Slylophora digilala " (1877), and by F. BRUEGGEMANN in" eue Korallen-Arten aus dem
Rothen Meere und von Mauritius" (187 8).
In 1885 /86 L. FAUROT went on an extensive expedition into the Gulf of Aden and ro the island
Kamaran in the Red Sea off the Yemenite coast. 1 n 1888 he reported on the reefs and corals found there,
one of which he described as a new species in 1894.
In 1887 Jo hannes WALTHER from Jena travelled ro the Sinai Peninsula, and in his book "Die Korallenriffe
der Sinaihalbinsel" (1888) he wrote in detail about the reefs, both living and fossile, especially along
the Western side.
In the following years major synoptical works were published that also included Red Sea corals. Some
of them are:
F. BRUEGGEMANN : Notes on stony corals (1877 and 1877a)
A. ORTMANN , Studien tiber Systematik und geographische Verbreitung lier Steinkorallen ( 1888)
Steinkora.llcn vor der Siidkiiste Ccylons (1889)
Korallenriffc von Oar--cs-Salaam ( 1892)
H. REHBERG: Neue und wenig ~kannte Korallen ( 1892)
C. BROOK: The Genus Madrepora ( 1893)
H. M.. BERNARD: The Genus TurbinarW. The Genus Astral!QPora ( 1896)
The Genus Montipora (1897)
L. DOEDERLEIN : Die Korallengatrung Fungia (1902)
H. M. BERNARD: The GenusConiopora (1903)
The Genus Porites (IndO-Pacific Region) ( 1905)
In 1895/96 and in 1897/98 the Austrian shi p " Pola" under the expedition leader Franz STE INDACHNER
went to the Red Sea. The vast coral collection was evaluated by Emil von MARENZELLER in his important
works " Riffkorallen" and "Tiefseekorallen" in 1906. The collection of reef corals, comprising
7 50 specimens, included about half of the then known Red Sea corals as well as 7 new species and 5 first
records.
One should also mention the publications of Charles GRAVIER, Paris, who in 1904 collected corals in
the Bay of Tadjoura in the Gulf of Aden in t he immediate vicinity of the Strait of Bab eI Mandeb, for
example " Les recifs de coraux et les madreporaires de la baie de Tadjourah" (1911). Already in 1907
1'. W. VAUGHAN published "Some madreporarian corals from French Somaliland, East Africa, collected
by Dr. Charles GRAvIER".
Further important wo rks that treat with Red Sea corals were written by G. MATTHA I: "A revision of
the recent colonial Astraeidae ... " (19 14) and " A monograph of the recent meandroid Astraeidae" (1928),
and by C. J. van der HORST: "Madreporaria Fungida" (1921), "Agariciidae" (1922) and " Eupsammidae"
(1922a).
The Englishman Cyril CROSSLAND contributed essentially to the history of coral research in the Red
Sea . After visiting the East African coral reefs, he studied the Sudanese coastal zone and made his first
travel for collecting purposes in 1904- 1905 . He let J . S. GARDINER have his corals, collected at Zanzibar
and between Dongonab and Suakin for treatment, on which GARDINER reported in 1909. Now CROSS­
LAND became director of the Sudan Pearl Fishery and kept this until 1922. After participating in a South
Pacific expedition from the Panama region to the Galapagos and Marquesas Islands and after visiting