Waste reduction final report -4 - Test Input

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Discussion Contributed by: Gilli Hobbs Director of Resource Efficiency Building Research Establishment Watford, UK Looking through the country reports, there are common themes and issues that arise across the globe, mostly developed independently in each country. However, there are also many differences in terms of the level of importance placed upon reducing this wastestream and the priorities in each country depending upon the supply chain phase, material type and type of construction. Waste reduction tends to be a late arrival in policy and industry objectives related to Construction and Demolition Waste management and Sustainable building. A generic approach over time towards waste reduction could be as follows: • All waste is managed in such a way as to prevent pollution and harm to human health • Standards emerge relating to green or sustainable buildings, initially focussed on energy efficiency • Landfill is undesirable for recyclable materials leading to a focus on recycling and energy recovery of waste • Green building standards include wider measures such as recycling, recycled content • Improved evidence on waste amounts, composition and causes • Waste reduction is brought to the forefront of waste policy with related policy measures and business support focussed on waste reduction • Waste reduction targets and methods of measurement are included in Green building standards • Supply chains and sectors work in partnership to identify and implement waste reduction actions • Ideally, waste production related to construction activity will start to decline – currently no country (that has reported) seems to have reached this point. Policies that influence a focus on waste prevention include: 1. Understanding the wastestream: Amount generated and characterisation of waste – who is responsible for collecting this information – regional or national, government or industry. If policy is not developed at a national/federal level than there is likely to be inconsistencies within the same country in terms of data provision, taxes and incentives to reduce waste, and other policies designed to discourage waste production and landfilling. 2. Definition of waste and levels of management – the definition of waste can be a grey area across the world. Even where it has been set out in policy there are often different interpretations that can result. For example, the EU Waste Framework Directive definition of waste effectively counts any product or material that has been discarded by the holder to be a waste. As soon as the product or material is deemed waste then the legislation relating to environmental permitting and the transport of waste needs to be considered. 3. Site waste management plans, waste reduction plans, and permits linked to these are commonplace around the world, for example in Canada. However, as noted in this 149
country report, the enforcement of such plans is key to their widespread implementation and effectiveness. 4. Deposits linked to amount of waste likely to be generated as adopted in some US towns. The deposit is returned upon proof of management of waste in accordance with local requirements. Waste reduction and recycling have a strong link to other impact areas such as greenhouse gas emissions e.g. methane from landfill, which can raise the profile of C&D waste, typically a significant component of wastes generated and wastes landfilled in most countries. Therefore, understanding the carbon impact of this waste is important to raising its profile/ encouraging further action at a policy level, as is the case in Canada. A construction waste specific policy covering all aspects of waste prevention, reuse and recycling can help focus efforts very effectively, as demonstrated in the report from Japan relating to the Construction Materials Recycling Act of 2004. There have been dramatic improvements in the amount of material diverted from landfill since its implementation. It is less clear whether the requirements relating to waste reduction are having a similar effect owing to the lack of benchmark data against which to assess waste reduction, although the Act recognised the need to have improved evidence through further research and development. Examples of waste prevention measures include the Government requiring waste reduction in projects where they are the client, such as greater use of precut materials and increasing the overall durability of the building and its components. Encouraging the use of pre-fabricated building elements is also part of policy in Israel Aside from policies focussed on waste prevention, Green Building standards can have a major influence on prioritising waste reduction on a construction project. For example, LEED, as used widely in Canada and the US have credits relating to ‘extending the life of a building’; and BREEAM, as used widely in the UK have waste reduction credits linked to construction waste generation benchmarks. There are many tools being used in various countries to assist in the evaluation, management and promotion of improved resource use in construction. They can be at the holistic level, whereby the overall life cycle impact of a structure or process is being assessed, and the resource and waste impact forms part of this evaluation, such as those used in Japan. Alternatively, tools such as the Molehill Tool in Canada, the True Cost of Waste Calculator in the UK, and the Construction and Demolition Waste Stream Composition Calculator in the US focus on the construction waste impact. High level sector agreements such as the negotiated Agreement of the ARGE KWTB in Germany which was negotiated by key construction related trade association can be very effective at providing a common goal for the whole industry. An alternative, or complementary, approach could be to devise a set of objectives that can be applied at a site level, such as the Green and Gracious Builders Scheme in Singapore. Collecting data via the waste management contractors, e.g. annual returns, is not a particularly good way to assess waste arising. Any waste not dealt with through licensed facilities, e.g. reuse of products, would not be captured, and the amount of waste produced is not related to construction activity. There are some interesting methods described for looking at resource use related to construction, for example the Concrete Usage Index described in the Singapore report. This 150
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Publication 364 W115 - Construction
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Table of Contents Foreword 3 Introd
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Introduction This report has been p
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• Benchmarks for waste production
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Canada (with a focus on Ontario) Co
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Canada 8,961,583 9,238,376 16,265,1
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Table 5: Projected tonnage of CRD w
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• conduct an audit of the waste t
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Standard that is now a requirement
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while reducing the amount of useful
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components. However, recycling of s
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170409 170503 170504 170505 170506
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Organic waste Since the Disposal Ac
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Israel Contributed by: Gil Peled -
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includes: • Stopping the illegal
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4. Guidance documents/ reports link
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The Plan includes: • Prevention b
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The Jaffa Slope was a landfill on t
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One of the first community gardens
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The amount of recycled and landfill
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Roles and responsibilities Manufact
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est outcome. This includes applying
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(1) Resource consumption. Upper: Be
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Norway Contributed by: Anne Sigrid
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2. Policies, strategies and legisla
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Singapore Contributed by: Dr Edward
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Figure 2 - Composition of Demolitio
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Figure 4 - Concrete Usage Index (CU
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Figure 5: Use of Incineration Botto
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STRATEGIC THRUST 5: Setting minimum
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Table 2(a) - Framework and Point Al
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4. Guidance documents/ reports link
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GREEN PRACTICES (50%) GREEN PRACTIC
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vehicles and machinery to reduce em
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Practices methods/ machines to addr
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5. Exemplars, case studies The foll
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installation of photocell sensors a
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Figure 2: Treatment of waste collec
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• registration of buildings with
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The GDP (PPP) 22 of Switzerland is
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are chosen according to the buildin
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Asphalt 0.3 Wood 0.5 Plastics 0.5 C
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Even if other materials than the ab
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In this chapter, an overview on Swi
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engineering, the aim of the revisio
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Discussion Many legal texts and imp
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Figure 7: Annual outputs of waste m
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Table 3: Construction waste materia
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Page 102 and 103: Table 6: Sales volumes of recycling
Page 104 and 105: study mentioned before claims that
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Page 108 and 109: viewpoint of sustainable developmen
Page 110 and 111: The Association of Operators of Swi
Page 112 and 113: - www.bauteilnetz.ch, which is run
Page 114 and 115: Discussion Treatment of the main co
Page 116 and 117: References Internet: accessed 06/12
Page 118 and 119: 43) KIWE-Ca 2009. Düngkalkprodukte
Page 120 and 121: Turkey Contributed by: Soofia Tahir
Page 122 and 123: 5. Exemplars, case studies Not avai
Page 124 and 125: Figure 2 illustrates this shift tow
Page 126 and 127: Table 1: Waste Benchmark Data by Pr
Page 128 and 129: 3. Policies, strategies and legisla
Page 130 and 131: Sustainable Construction Task Group
Page 132 and 133: BeAware The Technology Strategy Boa
Page 134 and 135: Percent 43% 57% 100% Table 3 Estima
Page 136 and 137: 2. Total waste generated in 2000 Po
Page 138 and 139: (SOURCE: http://www.portlandonline.
Page 140 and 141: 7. The Sustainable Development Poli
Page 142 and 143: of waste materials. The 2003 final
Page 144 and 145: Recycling Economic Worksheet sample
Page 146 and 147: Wood/ Green Waste Asphaltic Concret
Page 148 and 149: FY 2001 / 2002 FY 2002 / 2003 Dispo
Page 152 and 153: essentially links concrete use to f
Page 154 and 155: Appendices 153
Page 156 and 157: . the surplus to be used to cover l
Page 158 and 159: Regulation on encumbrances on the s
Page 160 and 161: Standard Title (Year) (2001) constr
Page 162 and 163: Standards on use of construction bu
Page 164 and 165: CIB Mission we focus on: Constructi
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