Waste reduction final report -4 - Test Input

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Table 4: Use of waste materials in civil engineering [FOEN 2008c]. Material Arisings (t/a) Recycling and disposal [%] Direct use on site [%] Concrete 993,461 97% 3% Bricking 173,356 100% 0% Gravel/Sand 5,273,210 35% 55% Asphalt 2,331,099 50% 50% Mineral leftovers 78,633 100% 0% Total 8,849,760 54% 46% More than 50% of gravel and sand and asphalt respectively are used directly on the construction site. For example, about ¼ of the asphalt is directly reprocessed by hot processing; the other ¼ is used as replacement for gravel [Kampag]. Problems arising when recycling asphalt will be discussed in section 0. Direct use of waste materials on the construction site is mainly practiced in civil engineering, e.g. with hot processing of asphalt or reuse of gravel. Indirect use mainly means recycling or another appropriate treatment. Chapter 0 will explain the exact ways of recycling and use with the main materials concrete, mixed C&D waste, asphalt and gravel sand. The estimated amount of landfilled construction waste in 1997 was 1.7 MT. About 50 % in weight (0.8 MT) were landfilled in form of mineral debris (glass, ceramic, gypsum etc.). Materials such as road construction waste, concrete and mixed C&D waste constitute the remaining parts [FOEN 2001]. Latest figures of mineral debris are much higher: About 1.5 MT of mineral remainings are generated per year out of which a big part is landfilled. A change of this proceeding should be activated with the rise of landfilling costs of mineral waste by about 10% in 2008 [FOEN 2008c]. According to the report on waste economy 2008 written by the federal state, about 80% of disposed waste (mainly construction waste) goes into landfills for inert materials. There exist big differences in landfill space capacities between the cantons. There are cantons where landfill space is not an issue, there are others which report scarcity of space e.g. for excavation material. Though, there is no thorough overview on capacities of the existing landfills today and in the future. It is hoped that the new tax for landfills for inert materials as well as a new regulation on inert materials (VASA) will help to collect the amount of waste deposited there (besides mitigating landfilling, naturally). Further on, the coordination of landfill capacities should be consolidated between cantons and regions [FOEN 2008c]. In Switzerland, all burnable waste which can’t be exploited must be burned in appropriate plants. This business is dominated by municipal waste incineration plants. Some burnable waste is used for cement production. In 2006, 375,412 tons (50 kg per resident) of construction waste were burned in waste incineration plants [FOEN 2008c]. In this case, figures are well-known and exact. About two thirds of the burned construction waste consist out of wood [FOEN 2001]. 97
All plants in Switzerland currently use technologies to produce electricity or district heat. Total special waste forms about 6% of waste generated in Switzerland [FOEN 2008c]. In 2007, mineral special waste formed 36% (521,924 tons) of total special waste treated in Switzerland. Nearly 100% of this mineral waste was construction materials. 83% is contaminated excavation material (which builds the biggest special waste portion), the remaining fractions are problematic construction waste (e.g. contaminated demolition materials) and asphalt waste with a PAH content higher than 20,000 mg/kg. Treatment covers disposal, incineration, biological treatment or recycling/conditioning [FOEN 2009]. Materials This chapter will provide an overview on the main recycling materials produced in Switzerland and their environmental influence. Challenges of recycling ways and obstacles in practice will be explained. Recycling has to be an issue in Switzerland (as well as in other countries, naturally); this for its diverse positive effects such as reducing the use of primary resources or sparing use of landfill space. An economically viable recycling route could further minimise illegal dumping. Demolition activities are likely to increase because of shortage of building land and a move towards more energy efficient buildings. Governmental requirements can help to guide waste use towards a higher recycling rate – but there also has to be taken into consideration that more stringent laws and standards can interfere recycling efforts. However, there are many unsolved life cycle aspects for most of materials used, mainly in the building sector. The main recycling ways and products The diagram on the following page gives an overview on treatment ways of construction waste and their main products in Switzerland. It compiles information of the Guideline for the Utilization of Mineral Waste Material, the Excavation Guideline and the multi dell concept. Diagram overleaf: Treatment ways of construction waste and main recycling products in Switzerland according to the official guidelines and concepts [FOEN 1999, FOEN 2006, SBV] 98
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Publication 364 W115 - Construction
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Table of Contents Foreword 3 Introd
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Introduction This report has been p
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• Benchmarks for waste production
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Canada (with a focus on Ontario) Co
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Canada 8,961,583 9,238,376 16,265,1
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Table 5: Projected tonnage of CRD w
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• conduct an audit of the waste t
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Standard that is now a requirement
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while reducing the amount of useful
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components. However, recycling of s
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170409 170503 170504 170505 170506
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Organic waste Since the Disposal Ac
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Israel Contributed by: Gil Peled -
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includes: • Stopping the illegal
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4. Guidance documents/ reports link
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The Plan includes: • Prevention b
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The Jaffa Slope was a landfill on t
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One of the first community gardens
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The amount of recycled and landfill
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Roles and responsibilities Manufact
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est outcome. This includes applying
Page 47 and 48: (1) Resource consumption. Upper: Be
Page 49 and 50: Norway Contributed by: Anne Sigrid
Page 51 and 52: 2. Policies, strategies and legisla
Page 53 and 54: Singapore Contributed by: Dr Edward
Page 55 and 56: Figure 2 - Composition of Demolitio
Page 57 and 58: Figure 4 - Concrete Usage Index (CU
Page 59 and 60: Figure 5: Use of Incineration Botto
Page 61 and 62: STRATEGIC THRUST 5: Setting minimum
Page 63 and 64: Table 2(a) - Framework and Point Al
Page 65 and 66: 4. Guidance documents/ reports link
Page 67 and 68: GREEN PRACTICES (50%) GREEN PRACTIC
Page 69 and 70: vehicles and machinery to reduce em
Page 71 and 72: Practices methods/ machines to addr
Page 73 and 74: 5. Exemplars, case studies The foll
Page 75 and 76: installation of photocell sensors a
Page 77 and 78: Figure 2: Treatment of waste collec
Page 79 and 80: • registration of buildings with
Page 81 and 82: The GDP (PPP) 22 of Switzerland is
Page 83 and 84: are chosen according to the buildin
Page 85 and 86: Asphalt 0.3 Wood 0.5 Plastics 0.5 C
Page 87 and 88: Even if other materials than the ab
Page 89 and 90: In this chapter, an overview on Swi
Page 91 and 92: engineering, the aim of the revisio
Page 93 and 94: Discussion Many legal texts and imp
Page 95 and 96: Figure 7: Annual outputs of waste m
Page 97: Table 3: Construction waste materia
Page 102 and 103: Table 6: Sales volumes of recycling
Page 104 and 105: study mentioned before claims that
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Page 108 and 109: viewpoint of sustainable developmen
Page 110 and 111: The Association of Operators of Swi
Page 112 and 113: - www.bauteilnetz.ch, which is run
Page 114 and 115: Discussion Treatment of the main co
Page 116 and 117: References Internet: accessed 06/12
Page 118 and 119: 43) KIWE-Ca 2009. Düngkalkprodukte
Page 120 and 121: Turkey Contributed by: Soofia Tahir
Page 122 and 123: 5. Exemplars, case studies Not avai
Page 124 and 125: Figure 2 illustrates this shift tow
Page 126 and 127: Table 1: Waste Benchmark Data by Pr
Page 128 and 129: 3. Policies, strategies and legisla
Page 130 and 131: Sustainable Construction Task Group
Page 132 and 133: BeAware The Technology Strategy Boa
Page 134 and 135: Percent 43% 57% 100% Table 3 Estima
Page 136 and 137: 2. Total waste generated in 2000 Po
Page 138 and 139: (SOURCE: http://www.portlandonline.
Page 140 and 141: 7. The Sustainable Development Poli
Page 142 and 143: of waste materials. The 2003 final
Page 144 and 145: Recycling Economic Worksheet sample
Page 146 and 147: Wood/ Green Waste Asphaltic Concret
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FY 2001 / 2002 FY 2002 / 2003 Dispo
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Discussion Contributed by: Gilli Ho
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essentially links concrete use to f
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Appendices 153
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. the surplus to be used to cover l
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Regulation on encumbrances on the s
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Standard Title (Year) (2001) constr
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Standards on use of construction bu
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CIB Mission we focus on: Constructi
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