Mmushi T MSc (Microbiology).pdf

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the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(26):10781- 10786. Gibbons, S., and Gray, A.I. 1998. Isolation by planar chromatography. In: Methods in Biotechnology, Natural Products Isolation vol. 4, Humana Press Inc., Totowa. ISBN 0- 89603-362-7. Goodfellow, M., and Alderson, G. 1979. The actinomycete genus Rhodococcus: a home for the "rhodochrous" complex. Journal of General <strong>Microbiology</strong>, 100:99-122. Grange, J.M., and Davey, R.W.1990. Antibacterial properties of propolis (blue glue). Journal of Royal Society of Medicine, 83:22-26. Grierson, D.S., and Afolayan, A.J. 1999. Antibacterial activity of some indigenous plants used for the treatment of wounds in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 66(1):103-106. Gupta, R., Thakur, B., Singh, P., Singh, H.B., Sharma, V.D., Katoch, V.M., and Chauhan, S.V.S. 2010. Anti-tuberculosis activity of selected medicinal plants against multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. Indian Journal of Medical Sciences, 131:809-813. Gurib-Fakim, A. 2006. Medicinal plants: Traditions of yesterday and drugs of tomorrow. Molecular Aspect of Medicine, 27:1-122. Haefner, B. 2003. Drugs from the deep: marine natural products as drug candidates. Drug Discoveries Today, 8:536-544. Hamburger, M., and Hostettmann, K. 1991. Bioactivity in plants: the link between phytochemistry and medicine. Phytochemistry, 30:3864–3874. Harborne, J.B., and Baxter, H. 1999. The handbook of natural flavonoids. Vol 1& 2. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. Pp. 122-132. 102
Harborne, J.B., and Williams, C.A. 2000. Advances in flavonoid research since 1992. Phytochemistry, 55(6): 481-504. Harborne, J.B. 1984. Medicinal Plants and their Traditional Uses in Mozambique, Phytochemistry, 23(7):1521-1525. Harborne, J.B. 1996. The Flavonoids. Advances in Research Since 1986. Vol 1. Chapman and Hall, London. Pp. 448–478. Hardman, J.G., Lee, E.L., and Alfred, G.G. 2001. "Rifampin." The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 10 th Ed. United States of America: The McGraw-Hill Companies, USA. Pp. 1277-1279. Havsteen, B. 1983. Flavonoids, a class of natural products of high pharmacological potency. Biochemical Pharmacology, 32:1141-1148. Heinrich, M., and Gibbons, S. 2001. Ethnopharmacology in drug discovery: an analysis of its role and potential contribution. Journal of Pharmacology, 53:425-432. Holetz, F.B., Pessini, G.L., Sanches, N.R., Cortez, A.G., Nakamura, C.V., and Filho, B.P.D. 2002. Screening of some plants used in the Brazilian folk medicine for the treatment of infectious diseases. Journal of Pharmacology, 97(7):1027-1031. Hondalus, M.K. 1997. Pathogenesis and virulence of Rhodococcus equi. Veterinary <strong>Microbiology</strong>, 16:257-268. Horváth, C.S., Preiss, B.A., and Lipsky, S.R. 1967. Fast Liquid Chromatography: An Investigation of Operating Parameters and the Separation of Nucleotides on Pellicular Ion Exchanger. Analytical Chemistry, 39:1422-1428. Houghton, P.J., and Raman, A. 1998. Laboratory handbook for the fractination of Natural Extracts. 1 st Ed. Chapman and Hall. London. Pp. 22-34. 103
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SCREENING, ISOLATION AND PURIFICATI
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DEDICATION I dedicate this work to
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Declaration
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1.7 Microbiology and pathogenicity
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6.2.1 Preparation of 1000 ml Middle
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LIST OF FIGURES Page Fig. 1.1. The
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Fig. 3.10. Fig. 3.11. Fig. 3.12. Fi
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Fig. 3.27. Fig. 3.28. Fig. 3.29. Fi
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ABSTRACT The leaves of fifteen plan
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CHAPTER ONE 1.1 Introduction Plants
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and R. erythropolis ATCC 4277strain
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Current therapeutic applications of
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agricultural (pesticides and herbic
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Fig. 1.3. The chemical structure of
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national pharmacopoeias, published
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Snyder and Kirkland (1979) tested t
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African medicinal plants. In certai
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susceptibility is determined by the
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equal volume of sterile distilled w
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Fig. 1.6. Albizia gummifera (Lemmen
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Fig.1.9. Apodytes dimidiata (The Wo
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1.6.7. Kirkia acuminata Kirkia acum
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Fig. 1.14. (A) Maytenus udanta and
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from East Coast Fever, and people t
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1.7. Microbiology and pathogenicity
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indicates that essential oils can a
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Rhodococcus erythropolis is an aero
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1.9. Aim and objectives 1.9.1. Aim
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each of the finely ground samples a
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phytochemical analysis (section 2.4
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The sub-fractions of 90:10 and 85:1
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3.2. Phytochemical analysis of plan
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BEA EMW CEF DCM HEX ACE MET DCM HEX
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BEA EMW CEF DCM HEX ACE MET DCM HEX
Page 69 and 70: BEA EMW CEF Fig. 3.8. Chromatograms
Page 71 and 72: BEA EMW CEF DCM HEX ACE MET DCM HEX
Page 73 and 74: 3.4. Minimum inhibitory concentrati
Page 75 and 76: Table 3.2.Average MIC (mg/ml) and t
Page 77 and 78: BEA EMW CEF HEX DCM ACE MET HEX DCM
Page 83 and 84: BEA EMW CEF Fig. 3.19. Bioautograms
Page 85 and 86: BEA EMW CEF . Fig. 3.21. Bioautogra
Page 87 and 88: Of the two solvent systems used fro
Page 89 and 90: F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11
Page 91 and 92: F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F1 F2
Page 93 and 94: Fig. 3.28. TLC profile showing the
Page 95 and 96: Fig. 3.30. TLC profile of fractions
Page 97 and 98: Fig. 3.32. TLC profile of pooled su
Page 99 and 100: Fig. 3.34. 1 H NMR spectra of compo
Page 105 and 106: Fig. 3.40. 13 C NMR spectra of comp
Page 111 and 112: CHAPTER FOUR DISCUSSION Tuberculosi
Page 113 and 114: e that active compounds may be in v
Page 115 and 116: this plant. However, as can be seen
Page 117 and 118: Britton, G. 1991, Methods in Plant
Page 119: Eloff, J.N. 1999a. Which extractant
Page 123 and 124: Kemper, K.J. 1999. Longwood Herbal
Page 125 and 126: Middleton, E., Chithan, K. 1993. Th
Page 127 and 128: Pretorius, S.J., Joubert, P.H., Sco
Page 129 and 130: Van der Geize R., and Dijkhuizen, L
Page 131 and 132: CHAPTER SIX APPENDICES 6.1. Appendi
Page 133 and 134: 121 o C and 1 atm. For preparation
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