Mmushi T MSc (Microbiology).pdf

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Fig.1.2. The chemical structure of the isopentenyl pyrophosphate, a terpenoid (Wikipedia, 2010). 1.2.3.3. Phenolic compounds 1.2.3.3.1. Flavonoids Flavonoids are water soluble phenolic molecules containing 15 carbon atoms and are a group of low molecular weight chemical compounds, e.g. the phenylbenzopyrones, found in all vascular plants. They are common constituents of fruit, vegetables, nuts, seeds, stems, flowers, tea, wine and honey (Grange and Davey, 1990). The physiologically active constituents have been used to treat human diseases (Cushnie and Lamb, 2005). These have been reported to possess many useful medicinal properties, including anti-inflammatory activity, oestrogenic activity, enzyme inhibition, antimicrobial activity (Havsteen, 1983), antiallergic activity (Harborne and Baxter, 1999), antioxidant activity (Middleton and Chithan, 1993), vascular activity and cytotoxic antitumour activity (Harborne and Williams, 2000). Some of the recognized activities of flavonoids include anti-allergic, anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral and many health promoting effects (Harborne, 1996). Figure 1.3 shows the chemical structure of a typical flavonoid with the basic unit of a ketone. 8
Fig. 1.3. The chemical structure of luteolin, a flavonoid (Wikipedia, 2010). 1.2.3.3.2. Tannins Tannins are complex group of plant secondary metabolites which are soluble in polar solutions and these are distinguished from other polyphenolic compounds by their ability to precipitate proteins (Silanikove et al., 2001). The amount and type of tannins synthesized by plants vary considerably depending on plant species, cultivars, tissues, stage of development, and environmental conditions (Cornell, 2000). Plant parts containing tannins include the bark, woody part, fruit, fruit pods, leaves, roots and plant galls. These secondary metabolites are evenly distributed in all leaf tissues. Plants containing more than 10% tannins may have potential adverse effects on humans including upset stomachs, renal damage, hepatic necrosis, and an increased risk of oesophageal and nasal cancer (Kemper, 1999). Figure 1.4 shows the chemical structure of a typical tannin with the basic unit of phenol groups. Fig. 1.4. Chemical structure of gallic acid, a tannin (Wikipedia, 2010). 9
Page 1 and 2: SCREENING, ISOLATION AND PURIFICATI
Page 3 and 4: DEDICATION I dedicate this work to
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Declaration
Page 7 and 8: 1.7 Microbiology and pathogenicity
Page 9 and 10: 6.2.1 Preparation of 1000 ml Middle
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF FIGURES Page Fig. 1.1. The
Page 13 and 14: Fig. 3.10. Fig. 3.11. Fig. 3.12. Fi
Page 15 and 16: Fig. 3.27. Fig. 3.28. Fig. 3.29. Fi
Page 17 and 18: ABSTRACT The leaves of fifteen plan
Page 19 and 20: CHAPTER ONE 1.1 Introduction Plants
Page 21 and 22: and R. erythropolis ATCC 4277strain
Page 23 and 24: Current therapeutic applications of
Page 25: agricultural (pesticides and herbic
Page 29 and 30: national pharmacopoeias, published
Page 31 and 32: Snyder and Kirkland (1979) tested t
Page 33 and 34: African medicinal plants. In certai
Page 35 and 36: susceptibility is determined by the
Page 37 and 38: equal volume of sterile distilled w
Page 39 and 40: Fig. 1.6. Albizia gummifera (Lemmen
Page 41 and 42: Fig.1.9. Apodytes dimidiata (The Wo
Page 43 and 44: 1.6.7. Kirkia acuminata Kirkia acum
Page 45 and 46: Fig. 1.14. (A) Maytenus udanta and
Page 47 and 48: from East Coast Fever, and people t
Page 49 and 50: 1.7. Microbiology and pathogenicity
Page 51 and 52: indicates that essential oils can a
Page 53 and 54: Rhodococcus erythropolis is an aero
Page 55 and 56: 1.9. Aim and objectives 1.9.1. Aim
Page 57 and 58: each of the finely ground samples a
Page 59 and 60: phytochemical analysis (section 2.4
Page 61 and 62: The sub-fractions of 90:10 and 85:1
Page 63 and 64: 3.2. Phytochemical analysis of plan
Page 65 and 66: BEA EMW CEF DCM HEX ACE MET DCM HEX
Page 69 and 70: BEA EMW CEF Fig. 3.8. Chromatograms
Page 73 and 74: 3.4. Minimum inhibitory concentrati
Page 75 and 76: Table 3.2.Average MIC (mg/ml) and t
Page 77 and 78:
BEA EMW CEF HEX DCM ACE MET HEX DCM
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
BEA EMW CEF Fig. 3.19. Bioautograms
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BEA EMW CEF . Fig. 3.21. Bioautogra
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Of the two solvent systems used fro
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F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11
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F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F1 F2
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Fig. 3.28. TLC profile showing the
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Fig. 3.30. TLC profile of fractions
Page 97 and 98:
Fig. 3.32. TLC profile of pooled su
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Fig. 3.34. 1 H NMR spectra of compo
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Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Fig. 3.40. 13 C NMR spectra of comp
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Page 111 and 112:
CHAPTER FOUR DISCUSSION Tuberculosi
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e that active compounds may be in v
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this plant. However, as can be seen
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Britton, G. 1991, Methods in Plant
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Eloff, J.N. 1999a. Which extractant
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Harborne, J.B., and Williams, C.A.
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Kemper, K.J. 1999. Longwood Herbal
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Middleton, E., Chithan, K. 1993. Th
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Pretorius, S.J., Joubert, P.H., Sco
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Van der Geize R., and Dijkhuizen, L
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CHAPTER SIX APPENDICES 6.1. Appendi
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121 o C and 1 atm. For preparation
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