Mmushi T MSc (Microbiology).pdf

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Fig 1.13. Macaranga capensis (Hyde and Wursten, 2010). 1.6.9 Maytenus species The genus Maytenus consists of ± 150 species that occur mainly in the tropics and subtropics of both the northern and southern hemispheres. In southern Africa there are ± 11 species, widespread throughout the region. Maytenus senegalensis and Maytenus udanta belongs in the spike-thorn family, Celastraceae, a large, cosmopolitan and diverse family of trees, shrubs and woody climbers. Their leaves are hard and leathery, bright green with a bluish bloom. They are simple, alternate and egg-shaped to oval with a narrowed base, the midrib is ridged above, the margins are untoothed and rolled back and the apex is rounded, sometimes notched. The leaves of M. senegalensis are used for treatment of diarrhoea and intestinal worms in calf, dog bites (Koné and Kamanzi, 2008); tuberculosis (Lall and Meyer, 1999). 26
Fig. 1.14. (A) Maytenus udanta and (B) Maytenus senegalensis(Hyde and Wursten, 2010). 1.6.10. Millettia stuhlmannii Millettia stuhlmannii belongs to family Fabaceae and it’s found throughout the Congo and southern regions of Africa, Tanzania and Mozambique. This species is reported to be rather secure with very little threat to its existence within most of its growth range including the Congo, but it is officially classified as extinct, endangered or rare in Cameroon. The tree grows to heights of 60 to 90 feet with a trunk diameter of 3 to 4 feet.The bark from the tree is used for its toxins to stun fish for harvest. It is also used in parts of Africa for mask carving. The plant is often used for treatment of toothache and spleen disorders (Jain, 1991). Fig. 1.15.Millettia stuhlmannii (Hyde and Wursten, 2010). 27
Page 1 and 2: SCREENING, ISOLATION AND PURIFICATI
Page 3 and 4: DEDICATION I dedicate this work to
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Declaration
Page 7 and 8: 1.7 Microbiology and pathogenicity
Page 9 and 10: 6.2.1 Preparation of 1000 ml Middle
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF FIGURES Page Fig. 1.1. The
Page 13 and 14: Fig. 3.10. Fig. 3.11. Fig. 3.12. Fi
Page 15 and 16: Fig. 3.27. Fig. 3.28. Fig. 3.29. Fi
Page 17 and 18: ABSTRACT The leaves of fifteen plan
Page 19 and 20: CHAPTER ONE 1.1 Introduction Plants
Page 21 and 22: and R. erythropolis ATCC 4277strain
Page 23 and 24: Current therapeutic applications of
Page 25 and 26: agricultural (pesticides and herbic
Page 27 and 28: Fig. 1.3. The chemical structure of
Page 29 and 30: national pharmacopoeias, published
Page 31 and 32: Snyder and Kirkland (1979) tested t
Page 33 and 34: African medicinal plants. In certai
Page 35 and 36: susceptibility is determined by the
Page 37 and 38: equal volume of sterile distilled w
Page 39 and 40: Fig. 1.6. Albizia gummifera (Lemmen
Page 41 and 42: Fig.1.9. Apodytes dimidiata (The Wo
Page 43: 1.6.7. Kirkia acuminata Kirkia acum
Page 47 and 48: from East Coast Fever, and people t
Page 49 and 50: 1.7. Microbiology and pathogenicity
Page 51 and 52: indicates that essential oils can a
Page 53 and 54: Rhodococcus erythropolis is an aero
Page 55 and 56: 1.9. Aim and objectives 1.9.1. Aim
Page 57 and 58: each of the finely ground samples a
Page 59 and 60: phytochemical analysis (section 2.4
Page 61 and 62: The sub-fractions of 90:10 and 85:1
Page 63 and 64: 3.2. Phytochemical analysis of plan
Page 65 and 66: BEA EMW CEF DCM HEX ACE MET DCM HEX
Page 69 and 70: BEA EMW CEF Fig. 3.8. Chromatograms
Page 73 and 74: 3.4. Minimum inhibitory concentrati
Page 75 and 76: Table 3.2.Average MIC (mg/ml) and t
Page 77 and 78: BEA EMW CEF HEX DCM ACE MET HEX DCM
Page 83 and 84: BEA EMW CEF Fig. 3.19. Bioautograms
Page 85 and 86: BEA EMW CEF . Fig. 3.21. Bioautogra
Page 87 and 88: Of the two solvent systems used fro
Page 89 and 90: F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11
Page 91 and 92: F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F1 F2
Page 93 and 94: Fig. 3.28. TLC profile showing the
Page 95 and 96:
Fig. 3.30. TLC profile of fractions
Page 97 and 98:
Fig. 3.32. TLC profile of pooled su
Page 99 and 100:
Fig. 3.34. 1 H NMR spectra of compo
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Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Fig. 3.40. 13 C NMR spectra of comp
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Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
CHAPTER FOUR DISCUSSION Tuberculosi
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e that active compounds may be in v
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this plant. However, as can be seen
Page 117 and 118:
Britton, G. 1991, Methods in Plant
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Eloff, J.N. 1999a. Which extractant
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Harborne, J.B., and Williams, C.A.
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Kemper, K.J. 1999. Longwood Herbal
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Middleton, E., Chithan, K. 1993. Th
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Pretorius, S.J., Joubert, P.H., Sco
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Van der Geize R., and Dijkhuizen, L
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CHAPTER SIX APPENDICES 6.1. Appendi
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121 o C and 1 atm. For preparation
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