Mmushi T MSc (Microbiology).pdf

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Mass (mg) CHAPTER THREE RESULTS 3.1. Mass of plant extracts The amount of sample extracted was measured in mg as shown in Figures 3.1. Different quantities of extracts were obtained as indicated by the histogram. Plant materials extracted with methanol yielded more extract than the plant material extracted with the other solvents. 300 250 200 150 Hexane 100 50 0 Dichloromethane Acetone K. acuminata K. africana S. birrea V. infausta M. undata B. racemosa M. senegalensis M. capensis A. dimidiata A. senegalensis W. salutaris A. venosum M. stuhlmannii X. zabesiaca A. gummifera Methanol Plants extracts Fig. 3.1. Mass of samples extracted by different solvents with varying polarity from 1 g of starting material. 44
3.2. Phytochemical analysis of plant extracts TLC fingerprinting was used for the phytochemical analysis of the plant materials extracted using hexane, DCM, acetone and methanol. A number of distinct bands were observed on TLC plates indicating the different phytoconstituents which reacted with vanillin-sulphuric acid (Fig. 3.2 – Fig. 3.6). The TLC plate’s shows the separation of different compounds when developed in BEA, EMW and CEF with most of the bands on TLC plates developed with BEA. Fluorescing and quenching bands were circled with a pencil. Some of the compounds could not be moved from the base of the TLC plates. BEA EMW CEF DCM HEX ACE MET DCM HEX ACE MET DCM HEX ACE MET V. infausta B. racemosa M. udanta Fig. 3.2. Chromatograms of crude extracts developed in solvent systems (BEA, EMW and CEF) and sprayed with vanillin-sulphuric acid to indicate separated compounds extracted with dichloromethane, hexane, acetone and methanol in lanes from left to right for each plant. 45
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SCREENING, ISOLATION AND PURIFICATI
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DEDICATION I dedicate this work to
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Declaration
Page 7 and 8:
1.7 Microbiology and pathogenicity
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6.2.1 Preparation of 1000 ml Middle
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF FIGURES Page Fig. 1.1. The
Page 13 and 14: Fig. 3.10. Fig. 3.11. Fig. 3.12. Fi
Page 15 and 16: Fig. 3.27. Fig. 3.28. Fig. 3.29. Fi
Page 17 and 18: ABSTRACT The leaves of fifteen plan
Page 19 and 20: CHAPTER ONE 1.1 Introduction Plants
Page 21 and 22: and R. erythropolis ATCC 4277strain
Page 23 and 24: Current therapeutic applications of
Page 25 and 26: agricultural (pesticides and herbic
Page 27 and 28: Fig. 1.3. The chemical structure of
Page 29 and 30: national pharmacopoeias, published
Page 31 and 32: Snyder and Kirkland (1979) tested t
Page 33 and 34: African medicinal plants. In certai
Page 35 and 36: susceptibility is determined by the
Page 37 and 38: equal volume of sterile distilled w
Page 39 and 40: Fig. 1.6. Albizia gummifera (Lemmen
Page 41 and 42: Fig.1.9. Apodytes dimidiata (The Wo
Page 43 and 44: 1.6.7. Kirkia acuminata Kirkia acum
Page 45 and 46: Fig. 1.14. (A) Maytenus udanta and
Page 47 and 48: from East Coast Fever, and people t
Page 49 and 50: 1.7. Microbiology and pathogenicity
Page 51 and 52: indicates that essential oils can a
Page 53 and 54: Rhodococcus erythropolis is an aero
Page 55 and 56: 1.9. Aim and objectives 1.9.1. Aim
Page 57 and 58: each of the finely ground samples a
Page 59 and 60: phytochemical analysis (section 2.4
Page 61: The sub-fractions of 90:10 and 85:1
Page 65 and 66: BEA EMW CEF DCM HEX ACE MET DCM HEX
Page 69 and 70: BEA EMW CEF Fig. 3.8. Chromatograms
Page 73 and 74: 3.4. Minimum inhibitory concentrati
Page 75 and 76: Table 3.2.Average MIC (mg/ml) and t
Page 77 and 78: BEA EMW CEF HEX DCM ACE MET HEX DCM
Page 83 and 84: BEA EMW CEF Fig. 3.19. Bioautograms
Page 85 and 86: BEA EMW CEF . Fig. 3.21. Bioautogra
Page 87 and 88: Of the two solvent systems used fro
Page 89 and 90: F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11
Page 91 and 92: F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F1 F2
Page 93 and 94: Fig. 3.28. TLC profile showing the
Page 95 and 96: Fig. 3.30. TLC profile of fractions
Page 97 and 98: Fig. 3.32. TLC profile of pooled su
Page 99 and 100: Fig. 3.34. 1 H NMR spectra of compo
Page 105 and 106: Fig. 3.40. 13 C NMR spectra of comp
Page 111 and 112: CHAPTER FOUR DISCUSSION Tuberculosi
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e that active compounds may be in v
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this plant. However, as can be seen
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Britton, G. 1991, Methods in Plant
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Eloff, J.N. 1999a. Which extractant
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Harborne, J.B., and Williams, C.A.
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Kemper, K.J. 1999. Longwood Herbal
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Middleton, E., Chithan, K. 1993. Th
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Pretorius, S.J., Joubert, P.H., Sco
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Van der Geize R., and Dijkhuizen, L
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CHAPTER SIX APPENDICES 6.1. Appendi
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121 o C and 1 atm. For preparation
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