Mmushi T MSc (Microbiology).pdf

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Based on these observations it was reasonable to assume that plants traditionally used for treatment of TB-related symptoms may contain bioactive compounds which can be scientifically identified and isolated for treatment of TB. Hence, fifteen plants which have been reported to be used by some traditional healers for treatment of chest and coughing related diseases were screened for potential bioactive compounds for tuberculosis. The approach was to first screen the plants against non-pathogenic bacterial species closely related to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the aetiological agent of TB. It was hoped that once good potential bioactive compounds where identified and purified these could then, in a separate study, be tested against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 36
1.9. Aim and objectives 1.9.1. Aim The aim of the study was to scientifically evaluate the antimycobacterial activities of selected indigenous medicinal plants, so as to see if we could identify and purify good lead compounds which may be used for the treatment of humans infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 1.9.2. Objectives The objectives of the study were to: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) Extract compounds from the leaves of 15 selected plants using hexane, dichloromethane, acetone, and methanol as extractants; Analyze the phytochemical properties of each extract; Evaluate the antioxidant properties of each extract; Determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of each plant extracts against Mycobacterium smegmatis and Rhodococcus erythropolis; Screen for antimycobacterial compound(s) which may be present in the plant extracts using bioautography; Isolate and purify active compound(s) which has the best antimycobacterial activities. 37
Page 1 and 2:
SCREENING, ISOLATION AND PURIFICATI
Page 3 and 4: DEDICATION I dedicate this work to
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Declaration
Page 7 and 8: 1.7 Microbiology and pathogenicity
Page 9 and 10: 6.2.1 Preparation of 1000 ml Middle
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF FIGURES Page Fig. 1.1. The
Page 13 and 14: Fig. 3.10. Fig. 3.11. Fig. 3.12. Fi
Page 15 and 16: Fig. 3.27. Fig. 3.28. Fig. 3.29. Fi
Page 17 and 18: ABSTRACT The leaves of fifteen plan
Page 19 and 20: CHAPTER ONE 1.1 Introduction Plants
Page 21 and 22: and R. erythropolis ATCC 4277strain
Page 23 and 24: Current therapeutic applications of
Page 25 and 26: agricultural (pesticides and herbic
Page 27 and 28: Fig. 1.3. The chemical structure of
Page 29 and 30: national pharmacopoeias, published
Page 31 and 32: Snyder and Kirkland (1979) tested t
Page 33 and 34: African medicinal plants. In certai
Page 35 and 36: susceptibility is determined by the
Page 37 and 38: equal volume of sterile distilled w
Page 39 and 40: Fig. 1.6. Albizia gummifera (Lemmen
Page 41 and 42: Fig.1.9. Apodytes dimidiata (The Wo
Page 43 and 44: 1.6.7. Kirkia acuminata Kirkia acum
Page 45 and 46: Fig. 1.14. (A) Maytenus udanta and
Page 47 and 48: from East Coast Fever, and people t
Page 49 and 50: 1.7. Microbiology and pathogenicity
Page 51 and 52: indicates that essential oils can a
Page 53: Rhodococcus erythropolis is an aero
Page 57 and 58: each of the finely ground samples a
Page 59 and 60: phytochemical analysis (section 2.4
Page 61 and 62: The sub-fractions of 90:10 and 85:1
Page 63 and 64: 3.2. Phytochemical analysis of plan
Page 65 and 66: BEA EMW CEF DCM HEX ACE MET DCM HEX
Page 69 and 70: BEA EMW CEF Fig. 3.8. Chromatograms
Page 73 and 74: 3.4. Minimum inhibitory concentrati
Page 75 and 76: Table 3.2.Average MIC (mg/ml) and t
Page 77 and 78: BEA EMW CEF HEX DCM ACE MET HEX DCM
Page 83 and 84: BEA EMW CEF Fig. 3.19. Bioautograms
Page 85 and 86: BEA EMW CEF . Fig. 3.21. Bioautogra
Page 87 and 88: Of the two solvent systems used fro
Page 89 and 90: F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11
Page 91 and 92: F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F1 F2
Page 93 and 94: Fig. 3.28. TLC profile showing the
Page 95 and 96: Fig. 3.30. TLC profile of fractions
Page 97 and 98: Fig. 3.32. TLC profile of pooled su
Page 99 and 100: Fig. 3.34. 1 H NMR spectra of compo
Page 105 and 106:
Fig. 3.40. 13 C NMR spectra of comp
Page 107 and 108:
Fig. 3.42. 1 H NMR spectra of compo
Page 109 and 110:
Fig. 3.44. 1 H NMR spectra of compo
Page 111 and 112:
CHAPTER FOUR DISCUSSION Tuberculosi
Page 113 and 114:
e that active compounds may be in v
Page 115 and 116:
this plant. However, as can be seen
Page 117 and 118:
Britton, G. 1991, Methods in Plant
Page 119 and 120:
Eloff, J.N. 1999a. Which extractant
Page 121 and 122:
Harborne, J.B., and Williams, C.A.
Page 123 and 124:
Kemper, K.J. 1999. Longwood Herbal
Page 125 and 126:
Middleton, E., Chithan, K. 1993. Th
Page 127 and 128:
Pretorius, S.J., Joubert, P.H., Sco
Page 129 and 130:
Van der Geize R., and Dijkhuizen, L
Page 131 and 132:
CHAPTER SIX APPENDICES 6.1. Appendi
Page 133 and 134:
121 o C and 1 atm. For preparation
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