Mmushi T MSc (Microbiology).pdf

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chromatography have contributed to the phenomenal success of natural product chemistry over the past 50 years. Sound strategies have helped in the isolation and characterization of many bioactive molecules (Rios et al., 1991). In particular, mass spectrometry (MS) has contributed to the enhanced ease of structure determination. MS is a method in which individual compounds are identified based on their mass/charge ratio after an artificial ionization. Natural compounds mainly exist as mixtures (when extracted from their origin) so the combination of liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry are often used to separate the individual compounds and determine their mass/charge ratios online. Databases of mass spectra’s for known natural compounds are available thus allowing the referencing of the unknown with known compounds so as to determine the nature of the unknown compound. Besides MS, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is another important technique for determining chemical structures of natural products. NMR yields information about individual hydrogen and carbon atoms in the structure allowing detailed reconstruction of the molecule’s architecture (Cannell, 1998). 1.6 The classification, distribution, description and uses of the fifteen plants used in this study 1.6.1 Albizia gummifera This plant belongs to the Fabaceae family and its traditional name is fuwem. It is geographically distributed from the northern parts of the eastern parts of South Africa and northern Limpopo throughout the tropical countries up into Senegal in the west and Ethiopia in the east of Africa. The tree can reach a height of over 40 m. The bark is grey to reddish brown and rough. The leaves are bipinnate, each with 8–21(–23) pairs of leaflets with the terminal pair moderately smaller than the rest, 7–21 mm. long, 3.5–8.5 mm (ILDIS, 2005). In traditional medicine the plant has been reported to be used for the treatment of coughs, gonorrhoea, fever, skin diseases, malaria and stomach pains (Kokwaro, 1976). 20
Fig. 1.6. Albizia gummifera (Lemmens, 2007). 1.6.2. Annona senegalensis Annona senegalensis belongs to the family Annonaceae and is found widely distributed in sand forest and dry woodlands on the central, western and eastern side of Africa from Tanzania southwards to the Maputaland region shared by Mozambique and Kwazulu- Natal. Traditionally the plant possesses several medicinal uses including being used as an anthelmintic by local livestock farmers in Nigeria (Ibrahim et al., 1984). The stem, root and bark are used to treat diarrhoea and gastrointestinal troubles (Burkill, 1985), while the stem bark and leaves are used for the treatment of skin cancer and leukemia (Abubakar et al., 2007). Fig 1.7. Annona senegalensis (Medicinal Plants in Nigeria, 2010). 21
Page 1 and 2: SCREENING, ISOLATION AND PURIFICATI
Page 3 and 4: DEDICATION I dedicate this work to
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Declaration
Page 7 and 8: 1.7 Microbiology and pathogenicity
Page 9 and 10: 6.2.1 Preparation of 1000 ml Middle
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF FIGURES Page Fig. 1.1. The
Page 13 and 14: Fig. 3.10. Fig. 3.11. Fig. 3.12. Fi
Page 15 and 16: Fig. 3.27. Fig. 3.28. Fig. 3.29. Fi
Page 17 and 18: ABSTRACT The leaves of fifteen plan
Page 19 and 20: CHAPTER ONE 1.1 Introduction Plants
Page 21 and 22: and R. erythropolis ATCC 4277strain
Page 23 and 24: Current therapeutic applications of
Page 25 and 26: agricultural (pesticides and herbic
Page 27 and 28: Fig. 1.3. The chemical structure of
Page 29 and 30: national pharmacopoeias, published
Page 31 and 32: Snyder and Kirkland (1979) tested t
Page 33 and 34: African medicinal plants. In certai
Page 35 and 36: susceptibility is determined by the
Page 37: equal volume of sterile distilled w
Page 41 and 42: Fig.1.9. Apodytes dimidiata (The Wo
Page 43 and 44: 1.6.7. Kirkia acuminata Kirkia acum
Page 45 and 46: Fig. 1.14. (A) Maytenus udanta and
Page 47 and 48: from East Coast Fever, and people t
Page 49 and 50: 1.7. Microbiology and pathogenicity
Page 51 and 52: indicates that essential oils can a
Page 53 and 54: Rhodococcus erythropolis is an aero
Page 55 and 56: 1.9. Aim and objectives 1.9.1. Aim
Page 57 and 58: each of the finely ground samples a
Page 59 and 60: phytochemical analysis (section 2.4
Page 61 and 62: The sub-fractions of 90:10 and 85:1
Page 63 and 64: 3.2. Phytochemical analysis of plan
Page 65 and 66: BEA EMW CEF DCM HEX ACE MET DCM HEX
Page 69 and 70: BEA EMW CEF Fig. 3.8. Chromatograms
Page 73 and 74: 3.4. Minimum inhibitory concentrati
Page 75 and 76: Table 3.2.Average MIC (mg/ml) and t
Page 77 and 78: BEA EMW CEF HEX DCM ACE MET HEX DCM
Page 83 and 84: BEA EMW CEF Fig. 3.19. Bioautograms
Page 85 and 86: BEA EMW CEF . Fig. 3.21. Bioautogra
Page 87 and 88: Of the two solvent systems used fro
Page 89 and 90:
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11
Page 91 and 92:
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F1 F2
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Fig. 3.28. TLC profile showing the
Page 95 and 96:
Fig. 3.30. TLC profile of fractions
Page 97 and 98:
Fig. 3.32. TLC profile of pooled su
Page 99 and 100:
Fig. 3.34. 1 H NMR spectra of compo
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Fig. 3.40. 13 C NMR spectra of comp
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
CHAPTER FOUR DISCUSSION Tuberculosi
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e that active compounds may be in v
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this plant. However, as can be seen
Page 117 and 118:
Britton, G. 1991, Methods in Plant
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Eloff, J.N. 1999a. Which extractant
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Harborne, J.B., and Williams, C.A.
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Kemper, K.J. 1999. Longwood Herbal
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Middleton, E., Chithan, K. 1993. Th
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Pretorius, S.J., Joubert, P.H., Sco
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Van der Geize R., and Dijkhuizen, L
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CHAPTER SIX APPENDICES 6.1. Appendi
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121 o C and 1 atm. For preparation
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