Mmushi T MSc (Microbiology).pdf

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Mahler, M., and Thomason, V. 2005. Purification of natural products, Chromatography Application Note AN25. A Teledyne Technologies Company. Marin, P.D., Grayer, R.J., Veitch, N.C., Kite, G.C., and Harborne, J.B. 2001. Acacetin glycosides as taxonomic markers in Calamintha and Micromeria. Phytochemistry, 58: 943-947. Masika, P.J., Van Averbeke, W., and Sonandi, A. 2000. Use of herbal remedies by small-scale farmers to treat livestock diseases in central Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Journal of South African Veterinary Association, 71:87-91. Masoko, P. 2006. Characterisation of antifungal compounds isolated from Terminalia and Combretum species (Combretaceae). University of Pretoria, Ph.D Thesis. Masoko, P., <strong>Mmushi</strong>, T. J., Mogashoa, M. M., Mokgotho, M. P., Mampuru, L. J., and Howard, R. L. 2008. In vitro evaluation of the antifungal activity of Sclerocarya birrea extracts against pathogenic yeasts. African Journal of Biotechnology, 7(20), 3521-3526. Minnis, P.E. 2000. Ethnobotany. 5 th Ed. University of Oklahoma Press, USA. Pp. 15-23. McGaw, L.J., Jäger, A.K., Van Staden, J. 2002. Variation in antibacterial activity of Schotia species. South African Journal of Botany, 68:41-46. McGaw, L.J, Lall, N., Hlokwe, T.M., Michel, A.L., Meyer, J.J.M., and Eloff, J.N. 2008. Purified compounds and extracts from euclea species with antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium bovis and fast-growing Mycobacteria. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 31(7):1429-1433. Mentz, L.A., and Schenkel, E.P. 1989.The consistency and reliability of therapeutic indications. Notebook Pharmacy, 5(1):93–119. Medicinal plants in Nigeria, 2010. http://www.medicinalplantsinnigeria.com/gallery_a/slides/Annona%20senegalensis (Abo) ripe%20fruit.html (retrieved 20 October 2010). 106
Middleton, E., Chithan, K. 1993. The impact of plant flavonoids on mammalian biology: Implications for immunity, inflammation and cancer. In: JB Harborne,Editor. The flavonoids: Advances in research since 1986, Chapman and Hall, London, UK. Pp. 132- 136. Mitscher, L.A., Leu, R.P., Bathala, M.S., Wu, W.N., and Beal, J.L. 1972. Antimicrobial Agents from higher plants. I. Introduction, Rationale, and Methodology. Journal of Biological Sciences, 35(2):157-166. Nadkarni, K.M. 1982. Indian materia medica, 2 nd reprint of the 3 rd revised and enlarged edition, Indian material, India. Pp. 177-179. National Plant Materials Manual, 2010 http://plantmaterials.nrcs.usda.gov/pubs/NPMdocuments/National_Plant_Materials_Man ual.<strong>pdf</strong> (retrieved 20 October 2010) Newman, D.J., Cragg, G.M., and Snader, K.M. 2000. The influence of natural products upon drug discovery. Natural Products Reports, 17:215-234. Newman, D.J., Cragg, G.M., and Snader, K.M. 2003. Natural products as sources of new drugs over the period 1981-2002. Journal of Natural Products, 66:1022-1037. Newman, D., and Cragg, G. 2007. Natural products as drug over the past 25 years. Journal of Natural Products, 70(3):461-477. Newton, S. M., Lau, C., and Wright, C. W. 2000. A review of antimycobacterial natural products. Phytotherapy Research, 14:303-322. Newton, S.M., Lau, C., Gurcha, S.S., Besra, G.S., and Wright, C.W. 2002. The evaluation of forty-three plant species for in vitro antimycobacterial activities; isolation of 107
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SCREENING, ISOLATION AND PURIFICATI
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DEDICATION I dedicate this work to
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Declaration
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1.7 Microbiology and pathogenicity
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6.2.1 Preparation of 1000 ml Middle
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LIST OF FIGURES Page Fig. 1.1. The
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Fig. 3.10. Fig. 3.11. Fig. 3.12. Fi
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Fig. 3.27. Fig. 3.28. Fig. 3.29. Fi
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ABSTRACT The leaves of fifteen plan
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CHAPTER ONE 1.1 Introduction Plants
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and R. erythropolis ATCC 4277strain
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Current therapeutic applications of
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agricultural (pesticides and herbic
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Fig. 1.3. The chemical structure of
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national pharmacopoeias, published
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Snyder and Kirkland (1979) tested t
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African medicinal plants. In certai
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susceptibility is determined by the
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equal volume of sterile distilled w
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Fig. 1.6. Albizia gummifera (Lemmen
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Fig.1.9. Apodytes dimidiata (The Wo
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1.6.7. Kirkia acuminata Kirkia acum
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Fig. 1.14. (A) Maytenus udanta and
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from East Coast Fever, and people t
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1.7. Microbiology and pathogenicity
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indicates that essential oils can a
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Rhodococcus erythropolis is an aero
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1.9. Aim and objectives 1.9.1. Aim
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each of the finely ground samples a
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phytochemical analysis (section 2.4
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The sub-fractions of 90:10 and 85:1
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3.2. Phytochemical analysis of plan
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BEA EMW CEF DCM HEX ACE MET DCM HEX
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BEA EMW CEF Fig. 3.8. Chromatograms
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Page 73 and 74: 3.4. Minimum inhibitory concentrati
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Page 77 and 78: BEA EMW CEF HEX DCM ACE MET HEX DCM
Page 83 and 84: BEA EMW CEF Fig. 3.19. Bioautograms
Page 85 and 86: BEA EMW CEF . Fig. 3.21. Bioautogra
Page 87 and 88: Of the two solvent systems used fro
Page 89 and 90: F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11
Page 91 and 92: F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F1 F2
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Page 97 and 98: Fig. 3.32. TLC profile of pooled su
Page 99 and 100: Fig. 3.34. 1 H NMR spectra of compo
Page 105 and 106: Fig. 3.40. 13 C NMR spectra of comp
Page 111 and 112: CHAPTER FOUR DISCUSSION Tuberculosi
Page 113 and 114: e that active compounds may be in v
Page 115 and 116: this plant. However, as can be seen
Page 117 and 118: Britton, G. 1991, Methods in Plant
Page 119 and 120: Eloff, J.N. 1999a. Which extractant
Page 121 and 122: Harborne, J.B., and Williams, C.A.
Page 123: Kemper, K.J. 1999. Longwood Herbal
Page 127 and 128: Pretorius, S.J., Joubert, P.H., Sco
Page 129 and 130: Van der Geize R., and Dijkhuizen, L
Page 131 and 132: CHAPTER SIX APPENDICES 6.1. Appendi
Page 133 and 134: 121 o C and 1 atm. For preparation
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