Mmushi T MSc (Microbiology).pdf

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Fig. 1.10. Barringtonia racemosa. 1.6.6. Kigelia africana It belongs to the family Bignoniaceae and it’s also known as the sausage tree. The genus Kigelia has one species and occurs only in Africa. The tree is found on riverbanks, where it may reach 20 m, along streams and on floodplains and also in open woodland, from KwaZulu-Natal to Tanzania. The short, squat trunk has light brown, sometimes flaky bark and supports a dense rounded to spreading crown (18 m high, 20 m wide) of leathery, slightly glossy foliage (deciduous). The huge, grey-brown fruits, 800 x 120 mm. hang from long stalks, from December to June and weigh anything up to 9 kg. Traditional remedies prepared from crushed, dried or fresh fruits are used to deal with ulcers, sores and syphilis - the fruit has antibacterial activity. Powdered fruit are applied to sores and wounds used for rheumatism (Van Wyk and Wink, 2004). The bark is used to treat dysentery and stomach ailments (Van Wyk and Wink, 2004). Fig. 1.11. Kigelia africana. 24
1.6.7. Kirkia acuminata Kirkia acuminata belongs to the family Simaroubaceae with a vernacular name white syringe. The plant is distributed throughout Southern Africa and extends from Gauteng, Botswana, Namibia and to the north in Tanzania. It’s a tree with a straight-stem and round. It grows from 6 to 18 m high with a trunk diameter of 0.8 m. The leaves are sticky when young, colouring splendidly to gold and red in autumn. The leaf is compound with 6-10 leaflets and one terminal one. The narrowly ovate leaflets are 20-80 x 10-25 mm, with or without hairs. In South Africa the wood is made into furniture and floor blocks. An infusion of the bark is taken against vomiting and abdominal pain and an infusion of the root is taken to treat cough (Van Wyk and Wink, 2004). Fig. 1.12. Kirkia acuminata ( Kirstenbosch NBG, 2004). 1.6.8. Macaranga capensis Macaranga capensis belongs to the genus Macaranga and it’s the largest genus of Old World tropical trees of the family Euphorbiaceae. The genus comprises over 300 different species widely distributed throughout Africa, Australasia, Asia and the South Pacific. The associated species M. Peltata and M. Indica are used for treatment of venereal sores (Kirtikar and Basu, 1984); cuts, wounds and stomach-ache (Jain et al., 2004). 25
Page 1 and 2: SCREENING, ISOLATION AND PURIFICATI
Page 3 and 4: DEDICATION I dedicate this work to
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Declaration
Page 7 and 8: 1.7 Microbiology and pathogenicity
Page 9 and 10: 6.2.1 Preparation of 1000 ml Middle
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF FIGURES Page Fig. 1.1. The
Page 13 and 14: Fig. 3.10. Fig. 3.11. Fig. 3.12. Fi
Page 15 and 16: Fig. 3.27. Fig. 3.28. Fig. 3.29. Fi
Page 17 and 18: ABSTRACT The leaves of fifteen plan
Page 19 and 20: CHAPTER ONE 1.1 Introduction Plants
Page 21 and 22: and R. erythropolis ATCC 4277strain
Page 23 and 24: Current therapeutic applications of
Page 25 and 26: agricultural (pesticides and herbic
Page 27 and 28: Fig. 1.3. The chemical structure of
Page 29 and 30: national pharmacopoeias, published
Page 31 and 32: Snyder and Kirkland (1979) tested t
Page 33 and 34: African medicinal plants. In certai
Page 35 and 36: susceptibility is determined by the
Page 37 and 38: equal volume of sterile distilled w
Page 39 and 40: Fig. 1.6. Albizia gummifera (Lemmen
Page 41: Fig.1.9. Apodytes dimidiata (The Wo
Page 45 and 46: Fig. 1.14. (A) Maytenus udanta and
Page 47 and 48: from East Coast Fever, and people t
Page 49 and 50: 1.7. Microbiology and pathogenicity
Page 51 and 52: indicates that essential oils can a
Page 53 and 54: Rhodococcus erythropolis is an aero
Page 55 and 56: 1.9. Aim and objectives 1.9.1. Aim
Page 57 and 58: each of the finely ground samples a
Page 59 and 60: phytochemical analysis (section 2.4
Page 61 and 62: The sub-fractions of 90:10 and 85:1
Page 63 and 64: 3.2. Phytochemical analysis of plan
Page 65 and 66: BEA EMW CEF DCM HEX ACE MET DCM HEX
Page 69 and 70: BEA EMW CEF Fig. 3.8. Chromatograms
Page 73 and 74: 3.4. Minimum inhibitory concentrati
Page 75 and 76: Table 3.2.Average MIC (mg/ml) and t
Page 77 and 78: BEA EMW CEF HEX DCM ACE MET HEX DCM
Page 83 and 84: BEA EMW CEF Fig. 3.19. Bioautograms
Page 85 and 86: BEA EMW CEF . Fig. 3.21. Bioautogra
Page 87 and 88: Of the two solvent systems used fro
Page 89 and 90: F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11
Page 91 and 92: F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F1 F2
Page 93 and 94:
Fig. 3.28. TLC profile showing the
Page 95 and 96:
Fig. 3.30. TLC profile of fractions
Page 97 and 98:
Fig. 3.32. TLC profile of pooled su
Page 99 and 100:
Fig. 3.34. 1 H NMR spectra of compo
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Fig. 3.40. 13 C NMR spectra of comp
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
CHAPTER FOUR DISCUSSION Tuberculosi
Page 113 and 114:
e that active compounds may be in v
Page 115 and 116:
this plant. However, as can be seen
Page 117 and 118:
Britton, G. 1991, Methods in Plant
Page 119 and 120:
Eloff, J.N. 1999a. Which extractant
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Harborne, J.B., and Williams, C.A.
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Kemper, K.J. 1999. Longwood Herbal
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Middleton, E., Chithan, K. 1993. Th
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Pretorius, S.J., Joubert, P.H., Sco
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Van der Geize R., and Dijkhuizen, L
Page 131 and 132:
CHAPTER SIX APPENDICES 6.1. Appendi
Page 133 and 134:
121 o C and 1 atm. For preparation
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