Mmushi T MSc (Microbiology).pdf

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CHAPTER THREE RESULTS 3.1 Mass of plants extracts.......................................................................... 44 3.2 Phytochemical analysis of plant extracts………………………………… 45 3.2 Qualitative (DPPH) assay on TLC (Antioxidant activity)…………...…… 50 3.4 Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and total activities of the extracts.................................................................................................. 55 3.5 Qualitative antibacterial activity assay by bioautography……………..... 58 3.6 Isolation of bioactive compounds from acetone fraction of A. dimidiata 68-69 3.7 Nuclear magnetic resonance of purified compounds…………………… 80 CHAPTER FOUR DISCUSSION Discussion................................................................................................................. 93-96 Conclusion and future work....................................................................................... 96- 97 CHAPTER FIVE REFERENCES References................................................................................................................ 98-112 CHAPTER SIX APPENDICES 6.1 Appendix A: Solutions…………………………………………………… 113 6.1.1 Preparation of vanillin sulphuric acid……………………………………... 113 6.1.2 Preparation of DPPH solution……………………………………………... 113 6.1.3 Preparation of p-iodonitrotetrazolium chloride (INT) solution………..... 113-114 6.2 Appendix B: Media preparation………………………………………… 114 viii
6.2.1 Preparation of 1000 ml Middlebrook7H9 broth...................................... 114 6.2.2 Preparation of 1000 ml Luria Bertani (LB) broth……………………….... 114-115 6.1 Appendix C: Mobile phases in 100 ml……………………….………… 115 6.1.1 EMW ………………………………………………………………………… 115 6.1.2 BEA……………………………………………………….………………….. 115 6.1.3 CEF………………………………………………………………………....... 115 6.2 Appendix D: TLC plates and other equipment…………………….. 115-116 ix
Page 1 and 2: SCREENING, ISOLATION AND PURIFICATI
Page 3 and 4: DEDICATION I dedicate this work to
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Declaration
Page 7: 1.7 Microbiology and pathogenicity
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF FIGURES Page Fig. 1.1. The
Page 13 and 14: Fig. 3.10. Fig. 3.11. Fig. 3.12. Fi
Page 15 and 16: Fig. 3.27. Fig. 3.28. Fig. 3.29. Fi
Page 17 and 18: ABSTRACT The leaves of fifteen plan
Page 19 and 20: CHAPTER ONE 1.1 Introduction Plants
Page 21 and 22: and R. erythropolis ATCC 4277strain
Page 23 and 24: Current therapeutic applications of
Page 25 and 26: agricultural (pesticides and herbic
Page 27 and 28: Fig. 1.3. The chemical structure of
Page 29 and 30: national pharmacopoeias, published
Page 31 and 32: Snyder and Kirkland (1979) tested t
Page 33 and 34: African medicinal plants. In certai
Page 35 and 36: susceptibility is determined by the
Page 37 and 38: equal volume of sterile distilled w
Page 39 and 40: Fig. 1.6. Albizia gummifera (Lemmen
Page 41 and 42: Fig.1.9. Apodytes dimidiata (The Wo
Page 43 and 44: 1.6.7. Kirkia acuminata Kirkia acum
Page 45 and 46: Fig. 1.14. (A) Maytenus udanta and
Page 47 and 48: from East Coast Fever, and people t
Page 49 and 50: 1.7. Microbiology and pathogenicity
Page 51 and 52: indicates that essential oils can a
Page 53 and 54: Rhodococcus erythropolis is an aero
Page 55 and 56: 1.9. Aim and objectives 1.9.1. Aim
Page 57 and 58: each of the finely ground samples a
Page 59 and 60:
phytochemical analysis (section 2.4
Page 61 and 62:
The sub-fractions of 90:10 and 85:1
Page 63 and 64:
3.2. Phytochemical analysis of plan
Page 65 and 66:
BEA EMW CEF DCM HEX ACE MET DCM HEX
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
BEA EMW CEF Fig. 3.8. Chromatograms
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
3.4. Minimum inhibitory concentrati
Page 75 and 76:
Table 3.2.Average MIC (mg/ml) and t
Page 77 and 78:
BEA EMW CEF HEX DCM ACE MET HEX DCM
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
BEA EMW CEF Fig. 3.19. Bioautograms
Page 85 and 86:
BEA EMW CEF . Fig. 3.21. Bioautogra
Page 87 and 88:
Of the two solvent systems used fro
Page 89 and 90:
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11
Page 91 and 92:
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F1 F2
Page 93 and 94:
Fig. 3.28. TLC profile showing the
Page 95 and 96:
Fig. 3.30. TLC profile of fractions
Page 97 and 98:
Fig. 3.32. TLC profile of pooled su
Page 99 and 100:
Fig. 3.34. 1 H NMR spectra of compo
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Fig. 3.40. 13 C NMR spectra of comp
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
CHAPTER FOUR DISCUSSION Tuberculosi
Page 113 and 114:
e that active compounds may be in v
Page 115 and 116:
this plant. However, as can be seen
Page 117 and 118:
Britton, G. 1991, Methods in Plant
Page 119 and 120:
Eloff, J.N. 1999a. Which extractant
Page 121 and 122:
Harborne, J.B., and Williams, C.A.
Page 123 and 124:
Kemper, K.J. 1999. Longwood Herbal
Page 125 and 126:
Middleton, E., Chithan, K. 1993. Th
Page 127 and 128:
Pretorius, S.J., Joubert, P.H., Sco
Page 129 and 130:
Van der Geize R., and Dijkhuizen, L
Page 131 and 132:
CHAPTER SIX APPENDICES 6.1. Appendi
Page 133 and 134:
121 o C and 1 atm. For preparation
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