The trafficking of children for purposes of sexual exploitation

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Moçambique and Angola involves both girls and boys. While it is possible to discern these patterns in the trafficking of children, it is also possible to establish what the contributing factors are. These factors are presented in chapers 4, 5 and 6. The major contributing factor is an economic one. In a world where globalisation has resulted in increased un- and underemployment and where women have increasingly been pushed out of the job market, families and single parent families in particular have been faced with finding alternative ways of ensuring an income. Coupled with this, there is an increased demand for sex with children from both South African and foreign men. There is not only a supply but also a demand, which appears to be on the increase. Children are thus placed in a vulnerable situation where they can be trafficked and sexually exploited.This report also highlights the difficulties that those charged with the responsibility of protecting children have with regard to combating the twin phenomena of the sexual exploitation of children and the trafficking of children for this purpose. These difficulties relate essentially to inadequate service provision and an inadequate understanding of the legal remedies available to combat these phenomena. The report recommends a national initiative to educate and inform South Africans about the trafficking and sexual exploitation of children. It further recommends that a body be established to implement policy and to monitor the implementation of the policy. 3
Introduction: The world in which children live "Prostitution is now recognised as a major component of the emerging global market – a vibrant multinational sex trade which involves millions of children, particularly girls, and which generates billions of dollars profit for the traffickers involved. The demand by wealthier countries for cheap sex workers is a major motivating factor in the recruitment by various means of women and children for the extensive and lucrative sex industries …." 1 Children are trafficked into various sectors of domestic and international economies. They are trafficked into domestic service, to work in factories, into the agricultural sector and into sex industries. They are also trafficked for their organs, and as drug runners for syndicates. They are murdered and their dead bodies used to courier drugs across borders. In addition they are trafficked as mail-order brides and for purposes of cross-border adoption. That children are the victims of such abuses is indicative of their vulnerability in relation to adults. Children's vulnerability however also increases with the vulnerability of adults, who are children's primary care givers and responsible for children's well-being. Adults' ability to take care of children however is dependent on adults having the economic means to provide for children. Most adults in the world today however do not have the means. Recent much published reports state that half of the world's six billion people live on less than US $2 a day. Most of these people live in the developing world. In contrast to this there is a small group of people, most of whom are from the developed world, who have earned US $1.1 trillion this year alone. 2 This disparity in incomes is indicative of the widening gap between rich and poor. On a global scale this manifests itself in a widening gap between the rich developed world and a poorer developing world. The effects of declining incomes on South African adults and children are seen in this report. In addition to these pressures created by the world outside, South Africa has its own legacy to contend with. Whereas the welfare and social service sectors had to cope with about 5 million people before 1994 it now has to cope with the demands of 40 million people, most of whom are getting poorer. This places children even more at risk, as there is no real safety net for them and their families. Changes in the world order however have not only been in the economic arena but also at political, social and cultural levels. This has resulted in South Africa and elsewhere in national transformation. In South Africa this transformation has seen challenges not only to a racial order, but also to the order of gender relations. This has resulted in a challenge to patriarchy. This in turn has created "the crisis of the patriarchal family, disturb(ing) the orderly sequence of transmitting cultural codes from generation to generation, and shake the foundations of personal security, thus forcing men, women and children to find new ways of living." 3 Transformation however is an uneven and contested process and whilst the effects of the world order has been to challenge gender relations, the advances made in this regard are equally challenged. When a situation such as this is combined with changes in cultural responses to difficulties, children become increasingly vulnerable and the impression can easily be created that children are commodities. They can thus be used, sold, rented and trafficked. They can be stolen (abducted) and transported thousands of kilometres across borders to be used for nothing other than the sexual satisfaction and gratification of those who desire them and who have the money to pay for the use and exploitation of their bodies. How far sex exploiters and traffickers are prepared to go to satisfy their desires is evidenced by the following text taken from a television documentary Throwaway 1 D. Westwood: ' World Vision Discussion Paper No. 4, 1998 p.1 2 L. DiCarlo: 'Billionaires' www.forbes.com 3 M. Castells: The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, Volume 2: The Power of Identity (Blackwell Publishers, London and Massachusetts, 2000) p. 354 4
Page 2 and 3: The Trafficking of Children for Pur
Page 4 and 5: Acknowledgments This report was res
Page 6 and 7: Contents Page About Molo Songololo
Page 8 and 9: 5.4 Punishment and resistance 59 5.
Page 10 and 11: Executive summary This research rep
Page 14 and 15: Children. The Norwegian Justice Min
Page 16 and 17: Chapter 1 Motivations of the resear
Page 18 and 19: 2. Ensure a reduction in the incide
Page 20 and 21: Box 1: Glossary of terms Trafficker
Page 22 and 23: 3. Terminology The terms, "the chil
Page 24 and 25: 4. Design and Method 4.1. Aims and
Page 26 and 27: m) A review of the following releva
Page 28 and 29: to emphasise the immediate need for
Page 30 and 31: countries to ensure that measures a
Page 32 and 33: Actors/dancers/singers wanted. Expe
Page 34 and 35: Chapter 4 Factors and trends with r
Page 36 and 37: Mpumalanga 7 3 18 12 North West Pro
Page 38 and 39: According to a sex worker the effec
Page 40 and 41: Here individual traits and problems
Page 42 and 43: • Men from the Northern Suburbs o
Page 44 and 45: Alleged police involvement and corr
Page 46 and 47: Map 2: Some indications of local tr
Page 48 and 49: • An increase in unemployment •
Page 50 and 51: Johannesburg. Needless to say, once
Page 52 and 53: Map 3: Cross-border trafficking of
Page 54 and 55: Chapter 6 The role of gangs in the
Page 56 and 57: gangs in their own right. 135 These
Page 58 and 59: Little is known about the gang lead
Page 60 and 61: • All had been physically and sex
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Original transcripts of selected te
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Abduction 3: Alicia's story Origina
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Any act seen as resistance or a cha
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Referred to as " besagheid" or "wer
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Lucia gets away: as told by Jenny T
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Table 6: Girls in the gang intervie
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During the course of the twentieth
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States Parties undertake to protect
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Article 3 states that: State Partie
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Article 7 places an obligation on s
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constitutive elements related to of
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the appropriate authorities, like t
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whoa) permits, procures or attempts
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foreign nationals to come to this c
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This Act provides for a broad defin
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• Films and Publication Act, No 6
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2) The Children's Court may order t
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espect to restorative justice this
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process to manage the problem in So
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Legal Instruments South African Leg
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"Zunaid". Ek het, was die enigste e
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Ons gee vir hulle pak. - Belinda 5.
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man sê toe nou vir my ek moet eers
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For these purposes, State Parties s
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States Parties to the present Chart
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9. The commercial sexual exploitati
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esponsible sexual attitudes and beh
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The trafficking of children for purposes of sexual exploitation

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