The trafficking of children for purposes of sexual exploitation

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• Men from the Northern Suburbs of Johannesburg • Foreign tourists and local tourists • Men of all ages, colours, creeds and religions. 84 Interviews with sex exploiters are unusual. Researchers for the ECPAT International 85 study interviewed 32 sex tourists in Cape Town in 1995. Of these 7 were South African (6 white and 1 Indian) and 25 were foreign expatriates and tourists. Of the latter group 24 were white and 1 was Chinese. These authors note that sex exploiters who prefer to have sex with children can convince themselves that this act does not constitute child sexual exploitation. This is because "prostitution is associated with notions of contract and consent, the abuser can tell himself that the child he exploits chose, wants and benefits from the abuse." 86 Foreign sex exploiters also showed "a marked preference for black and coloured women and girls and having no interest in white prostitutes." 87 The authors note that this is because these men draw on "classic white racisms about black women's sexuality to construct a fiction in which prostitutes they sexually exploit actively desire them, actively want and seek sexual congress, rather than being forced to trade their bodies for economic reasons." 88 (Emphasis in the original) Some of the men in this sample actively sought out children. One man justified his exploitation of girls thus: "The little girls, 10 or 12 years old, I wouldn't describe them as innocent, they are not innocent, but they are fresh. They don't have the attitude of the older whores. The older whores have gone down hill. They use foul language. They drink. They're hardened. The little girls, they're not experienced. They're not hardened, they want to please you, they don't know what to expect, you get a better service from them" 89 This particular sex exploiter does not believe that he is harming the children because they are from "hot countries" where girls are pregnant at age 12 and their brothers, fathers and uncles have sex with them. According to the sex exploiter a girl becomes a woman at 12 and at 28 she's an old woman. 90 In addition there are sex exploiters who believe that sex with a child, especially a virgin will prevent and even cure sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV and AIDS. And yet others who prefer sex with children because children are less likely to be able to negotiate the nature of the exchange and as a consequence the amount charged is less than adult women and more likely to occur without a condom. "Truck drivers queuing at the border post at Beit bridge, between South Africa and Zimbabwe, told Sowetan they prefer "young blood" because they can easily manipulate the girls into fulfilling their wildest desires. They also said they drive to Nancefield township to pick up the young girls. Alfred, a truck driver from Zambia - who last saw his family on December 27 - said he was tempted to sleep with anyone, even a child, after being away from his woman for so long. "We see our families maybe once in three months," he said."Sometimes we have to wait here for two days before clearance. "These girls appear wearing only an overcoat with nothing on underneath. Even when you try to ignore them, they just flip open their overcoats." 84 S. Moela: ' Not All Girls have the Luxury of a Real Childhood' City Press 19/9/1999 85 J. O' Connell Davidson and J. Sanchez Taylor; Ibid p.16 86 Ibid p. 28 87 Ibid p. 21 88 Ibid p. 22 89 Ibid p. 27 90 Ibid p.27 33
"Shadrack from Zimbabwe, said "Most truck drivers prefer young girls because they charge less - about R50 - and always consent to sex without a condom. "He said that many drivers claim that young girls pose a lesser risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Others believe in the myth that sleeping with virgins cure STDs. 91 7. Trafficking routes The in-country trafficking of children takes place between provinces from city to city and rural areas to cities. It can also take place within provinces from rural to urban areas. Several sources identified the traffic of children from KwaZulu Natal to Gauteng and the Western Cape and from the Eastern Cape to Gauteng and the Western Cape. If this is a fair reflection of the inter-provincial traffic in children then it would be reasonable to assume that Gauteng and the Western Cape are provinces of destination and the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu Natal are provinces of origin. The most commonly reported trafficking routes however are those that do not need long distances to travel. These are indicated by the trafficking of children from informal settlements in the north of Johannesburg to the northern suburbs of Johannesburg. In areas where gangs operate children can be abducted and held captive in their own community as in the case of informal settlements in Johannesburg and several unconfirmed reports of a similar situation in Mitchell's Plain, in Cape Town. As is indicated in the case study in Chapter 6, children can be abducted and held a few kilometres from their parental homes. 8. Police investigations and the law Police investigations are hampered by a number of factors. Firstly there is no legal prohibition against the traffic of people. 92 Secondly reporting is low because families are often involved in the traffic of children, or families are indebted to traffickers. 93 Families and trafficked children fear reprisal from traffickers, who often include hardened criminals such as gangsters. 94 In addition, current legislation does not expressly prohibit child prostitution. It is however a crime to have sex with a child under the age of sixteen. The State can bring a charge of statutory rape, irrespective of whether the child consented or not. The Sexual Offences Act 95 expressly prohibits the sexual abuse and exploitation of children but places the onus of proof on the child, in that Section 14 2 (a) and (c) provide those who exploit children in this way with the defence 'that the girl at the time of the commission of the offence, was a prostitute' or 'that the girl or person in whose charge she was, deceived the persons into believing that she was over the age of sixteen.' More recent laws however do criminalise child prostitution, if a third party such as a brothel owner or pimp is involved. Where the exchange happens without third party involvement there is no criminal liability on the part of the sex exploiter. The Child Care Act provides for a maximum sentence of ten years for sex exploiters. 96 91 From C. Bhengu: 'Mothers, daughters vie for steamers' Sowetan 2/2/00 92 Interview with Senior Superintendent A. Pienaar Section Head of the Family Violence, Child Protection and Sexual Offences Unit, Pretoria and interview with Superintendent van der Westhuizen and Captain Swart of the Aliens Investigation Unit (Pretoria) 93 Interview with investigating officer at a Cape Town police station 94 Ibid 95 Sexual Offences Act 23/1957 as amended in 1988 96 The Child Care Act 74/1983 as amended in 1999 34
Page 2 and 3: The Trafficking of Children for Pur
Page 4 and 5: Acknowledgments This report was res
Page 6 and 7: Contents Page About Molo Songololo
Page 8 and 9: 5.4 Punishment and resistance 59 5.
Page 10 and 11: Executive summary This research rep
Page 12 and 13: Moçambique and Angola involves bot
Page 14 and 15: Children. The Norwegian Justice Min
Page 16 and 17: Chapter 1 Motivations of the resear
Page 18 and 19: 2. Ensure a reduction in the incide
Page 20 and 21: Box 1: Glossary of terms Trafficker
Page 22 and 23: 3. Terminology The terms, "the chil
Page 24 and 25: 4. Design and Method 4.1. Aims and
Page 26 and 27: m) A review of the following releva
Page 28 and 29: to emphasise the immediate need for
Page 30 and 31: countries to ensure that measures a
Page 32 and 33: Actors/dancers/singers wanted. Expe
Page 34 and 35: Chapter 4 Factors and trends with r
Page 36 and 37: Mpumalanga 7 3 18 12 North West Pro
Page 38 and 39: According to a sex worker the effec
Page 40 and 41: Here individual traits and problems
Page 44 and 45: Alleged police involvement and corr
Page 46 and 47: Map 2: Some indications of local tr
Page 48 and 49: • An increase in unemployment •
Page 50 and 51: Johannesburg. Needless to say, once
Page 52 and 53: Map 3: Cross-border trafficking of
Page 54 and 55: Chapter 6 The role of gangs in the
Page 56 and 57: gangs in their own right. 135 These
Page 58 and 59: Little is known about the gang lead
Page 60 and 61: • All had been physically and sex
Page 62 and 63: Original transcripts of selected te
Page 64 and 65: Abduction 3: Alicia's story Origina
Page 66 and 67: Any act seen as resistance or a cha
Page 68 and 69: Referred to as " besagheid" or "wer
Page 70 and 71: Lucia gets away: as told by Jenny T
Page 72 and 73: Table 6: Girls in the gang intervie
Page 74 and 75: During the course of the twentieth
Page 76 and 77: States Parties undertake to protect
Page 78 and 79: Article 3 states that: State Partie
Page 80 and 81: Article 7 places an obligation on s
Page 82 and 83: constitutive elements related to of
Page 84 and 85: the appropriate authorities, like t
Page 86 and 87: whoa) permits, procures or attempts
Page 88 and 89: foreign nationals to come to this c
Page 90 and 91: This Act provides for a broad defin
Page 92 and 93:
• Films and Publication Act, No 6
Page 94 and 95:
2) The Children's Court may order t
Page 96 and 97:
espect to restorative justice this
Page 98 and 99:
process to manage the problem in So
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Legal Instruments South African Leg
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"Zunaid". Ek het, was die enigste e
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Ons gee vir hulle pak. - Belinda 5.
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man sê toe nou vir my ek moet eers
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For these purposes, State Parties s
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States Parties to the present Chart
Page 112 and 113:
9. The commercial sexual exploitati
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esponsible sexual attitudes and beh
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The trafficking of children for purposes of sexual exploitation

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