The trafficking of children for purposes of sexual exploitation

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Box 1: Glossary of terms Trafficker/pimp - a person who provides a child to another for the purpose of the sexual exploitation of such a child. Sex exploiter - refers to a person who gives expression for the desire to have sex with a child or more than one child and fulfils this desire through verbal or physical coercion or promises or offers the child or a third party a reward. This reward is usually promised in exchange for the child performing sexual acts with the sex exploiter or for the sex exploiter. The promised reward can be either of a cash or inkind nature Prostitution/sex work - the exchange of sex for money Child prostitution/ commercial sexual exploitation/ sexual exploitation – the sexual exploitation of a person under the age of eighteen for financial or other reward. See Chapter 2 for a discussion and definition Trafficking/ traffic of children for purposes of sexual exploitation - all acts by adults involved in the sexual exploitation of children for the financial gain of such adults. See Chapter 2 for a discussion and definition Transfer - the removal and transportation of a child without the consent of the child Sale of children - involves the exchange of money for a child where the child is permanently removed from the care of its parent/s or guardian/s. This money can be given either as a lump sum or as payment at regular intervals e.g. weekly or monthly. This definition does not include the temporary removal of the child in exchange for money. This form would more appropriately termed " the renting" of the child. "Renting" of children is believed to occur when the child is required by paedophiles or others for short-term purposes such as to pose for pornographic photographs or pornographic films. Debt bondage - payment to an authority figure in a child's life in exchange for a child with the proviso that the child will have to earn the money back. The expectation of both child and parent/guardian is usually that the child will be released once the debt has been paid Abduction and kidnapping - the term abduction is used in this document. South African common law defines abduction as: The unlawful and intentional removal of an unmarried minor from the control of his or her parent or guardian in order to enable someone to marry him or her or to have sexual intercourse with him or her. South African law defines kidnapping as: The unlawful and intentional depriving of a person of his freedom of movement and/ or, if such person is a child, of his/her custodians of their control over him/her. 11
Chapter 2 Conceptual and methodological issues "Sexual exploitation goes hand in hand with other forms of exploitation, and cannot be divorced from the economic exploitation of children in general, or the exploitation of female sexuality. It is therefore important to remember that the sexual exploitation of children is a double, or even triple, abuse, involving the misuse of economic power, age relations and sexual oppression." 14 1. Introduction This research report's focus is on the trafficking of children for purposes of sexual exploitation. The focus on this subject area was motivated by the following concerns: • a significant increase in the incidence of the sexual exploitation of children for commercial purposes in South Africa • children increasingly being forced into prostitution • several reports of the cross-border trafficking of children for the purpose of sexual exploitation, and • that attempts to campaign around this issue should be informed by empirical findings. The trafficking of children for the purpose of sexual exploitation is regarded as those activities which facilitate access to a child by an adult in exchange for money through a third party or parties where all or most of the money goes to the third party and not the child. Trafficking includes: • the exchange of the child in marriage for money • the abduction of a child by a person known or unknown to the child for the sole purpose of sexually exploiting the child or for the dual purpose of sexually exploiting the child and using the child as domestic labour • the exchange of money between a trafficker and an authority figure in the child's life, for the child to be used by the trafficker as a child prostitute. • central to these activities is the transportation of a child from the community in which the child lives. 2. Limitations of the Research The research process was characterised by two main limitations. First, despite numerous efforts, we were unsuccessful in obtaining information regarding the in-country trafficking of boy children. While this partly relates to the low incidence of this phenomenon, it is further clearly clouded with silence. Secondly, the research was conducted over a relatively short period due to the urgent need to tackle issues around in-country and cross-border trafficking. As a consequence, we were not always able to pursue all leads vigorously. A third limitation that partly relates to the second is that of the scarcity of first hand accounts of all identified forms of the trafficking of children for purposes of the sexual exploitation. This particularly impacted on data collection with regard to the cross-border trafficking of children. This data collection was also hampered by the lack of prohibitive laws against the practice. This has the effect that police departments arrest children and then have them repatriated through the department of Home Affairs. We were unable to establish the numbers of children who have been abused in this way and subsequently repatriated. To present some indication of the nature of the practice, use has been made of interviews with police officers and accounts provided by investigative journalists, in the print media and specifically newspapers. 14 Anti-Slavery Society, submission to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights Working Group on Slavery, 1984 12
Page 2 and 3: The Trafficking of Children for Pur
Page 4 and 5: Acknowledgments This report was res
Page 6 and 7: Contents Page About Molo Songololo
Page 8 and 9: 5.4 Punishment and resistance 59 5.
Page 10 and 11: Executive summary This research rep
Page 12 and 13: Moçambique and Angola involves bot
Page 14 and 15: Children. The Norwegian Justice Min
Page 16 and 17: Chapter 1 Motivations of the resear
Page 18 and 19: 2. Ensure a reduction in the incide
Page 22 and 23: 3. Terminology The terms, "the chil
Page 24 and 25: 4. Design and Method 4.1. Aims and
Page 26 and 27: m) A review of the following releva
Page 28 and 29: to emphasise the immediate need for
Page 30 and 31: countries to ensure that measures a
Page 32 and 33: Actors/dancers/singers wanted. Expe
Page 34 and 35: Chapter 4 Factors and trends with r
Page 36 and 37: Mpumalanga 7 3 18 12 North West Pro
Page 38 and 39: According to a sex worker the effec
Page 40 and 41: Here individual traits and problems
Page 42 and 43: • Men from the Northern Suburbs o
Page 44 and 45: Alleged police involvement and corr
Page 46 and 47: Map 2: Some indications of local tr
Page 48 and 49: • An increase in unemployment •
Page 50 and 51: Johannesburg. Needless to say, once
Page 52 and 53: Map 3: Cross-border trafficking of
Page 54 and 55: Chapter 6 The role of gangs in the
Page 56 and 57: gangs in their own right. 135 These
Page 58 and 59: Little is known about the gang lead
Page 60 and 61: • All had been physically and sex
Page 62 and 63: Original transcripts of selected te
Page 64 and 65: Abduction 3: Alicia's story Origina
Page 66 and 67: Any act seen as resistance or a cha
Page 68 and 69: Referred to as " besagheid" or "wer
Page 70 and 71:
Lucia gets away: as told by Jenny T
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Table 6: Girls in the gang intervie
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During the course of the twentieth
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States Parties undertake to protect
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Article 3 states that: State Partie
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Article 7 places an obligation on s
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constitutive elements related to of
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the appropriate authorities, like t
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whoa) permits, procures or attempts
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foreign nationals to come to this c
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This Act provides for a broad defin
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• Films and Publication Act, No 6
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2) The Children's Court may order t
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espect to restorative justice this
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process to manage the problem in So
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Legal Instruments South African Leg
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"Zunaid". Ek het, was die enigste e
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Ons gee vir hulle pak. - Belinda 5.
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man sê toe nou vir my ek moet eers
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For these purposes, State Parties s
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States Parties to the present Chart
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9. The commercial sexual exploitati
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esponsible sexual attitudes and beh
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The trafficking of children for purposes of sexual exploitation

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