The trafficking of children for purposes of sexual exploitation

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espect to restorative justice this report recommends that where the Assets Forfeiture Unit has confiscated the assets of traffickers and brothel owners, such assets should be disbursed in payment of all court orders for compensation, restitution and recovery due to the trafficked person. 2.4. Where victims of trafficking are defendants in criminal proceedings Prosecutors should ensure that a victim alleged to have committed a crime has the opportunity to raise a defence of duress or coercion. The same evidence should be considered a mitigating factor in sentencing if there is a conviction. In cases where a victim is accused of having committed a crime against a trafficker(s), including murder, she or he has the opportunity to plead self-defence and to present evidence of having been trafficked. It is also recommended that the same evidence should used as a mitigating factor in sentencing, if there is a conviction. 2.5. Combating and monitoring the trafficking of and sexual exploitation of Children It is recommended that the National Programme for Action in the Presidency (NPA) in conjunction with relevant government departments embark on a programme which will educate and inform South Africans about the issues as they relate to both in-country and cross-border trafficking. Such a programme should be geared toward creating a better understanding of the issues as well as increasing vigilance on the part of communities. Programmes such as neighbourhood projects aimed at identifying children at risk, children in difficult circumstances and providing protection for children should be strengthened through linkages with police stations and local offices of the departments of health and welfare and social services. It is also recommended that the NPA, the South African Human Rights Commission, the Commission on Gender Equality and the South African Youth Commission either collectively or individually take responsibility for establishing an office not only to receive and deal with complaints from children and others, but also to advise the government on issues affecting children. Alternatively, it is recommended that an Ombudsperson's Office for Children is established. Such an initiative should be tasked with the responsibility for monitoring children at risk and should also monitor the following • care of and for abused children • evidence-gathering against traffickers and sex exploiters • protection of child witnesses This should be done to encourage and enhance the development of appropriate responses to local situations and local needs. 2.6. With regard to sex exploiters/sex offenders It is recommended that a register for sex exploiters is set up so that repeat offenders can be monitored. These are some recommendations that could ensure a reduction in the sexual exploitation of children, through prostitution and the trafficking of children for this purpose. 87
References Books Burman, S. and Reynolds, P. (eds.): Growing Up in A Divided Society: The Contexts of Childhood in South Africa (Ravan, Johannesburg, 1986) Campbell, A. Girl Delinquents (Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1981) Castells, M. The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture: Volume 2: The Power of Identity (Blackwell Publishers, London and Massachusetts, 2000) Dawes, A. and Donald, D. (eds.): Childhood and Adversity: Psychological Perspectives from South African Research (David Philip, Cape Town and Johannesburg, 1994) Freed, L. F.: The Problem of European Prostitution in Johannesburg (Juta, Johannesburg, 1949) Gevisser, M. and Cameron E. (eds.): Defiant Desire, Ravan, Johannesburg 1994 Kempadoo, K. and Doezema, J. (eds.): Global Sex Workers: Rights, Resistance and Redefinition: Routledge, New York and London, 1998 Lee-Wright P.: Child Slaves, Earthscan, London, 1990 Lim, L. (ed.): The Sex Sector: The economic and social bases of prostitution in Southeast Asia (ILO, International Labour Office, Geneva, 1998) Pinnock, D: Brotherhoods: Street Gangs and State Control in Cape Town (David Philip, Cape Town, 1984) Sereny, G.: The Invisible Children: Child Prostitution in America, Germany and Great Britain (Andrè Deutsch Limited, London, 1984) Van Onselen, C.: Chibaro (Ravan, Johannesburg, 1979) Van Onselen C.: Studies in the Social and Economic History of the Witwatersrand 1886-1914 Vol 1. New Babylon (Ravan, Johannesburg, 1982) Reports Barnes-September R., Mayne, A., Brown-Adam I. (eds.) National Consultative Conference Against the Sexual Exploitation of Children March 17th -18th 1999 Produced and published by The Institute for Child and Family Development, University of the Western Cape, National Department of Welfare, and Population Development and the Network Against the Sexual Exploitation of Children, 1999 ECPAT International: A Step Forward: The Third Report on the Implementation of the Agenda for Action Adopted at The World Congress against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children Stockholm, Sweden, 28 August 1996, ECPAT International, Bangkok, 1999 Ennew, J. Gopal, G. Heeran, J. and Montgomery, H.: Children and Prostitution: How Can We Measure and Monitor the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children? Literature Review and Annotated Bibliography A collaboration between UNICEF Headquarters, New York: Children in Especially Difficult Circumstances Section, Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, Childwatch International, Published by The Centre for Family Research, Cambridge, UK & Childwatch International, Oslo, 1996 Human Rights Committee Quarterly Review: Children's Rights and Personal Rights, 1999 NASEC: Sexual Exploitation of Children: A Report May 1996 NIPILAR: Report: A National Networking Seminar on "The Girl Child in South Africa" Organised and coordinated by National Institute for Public Interest Law and Research and the Community Law Centre, Gauteng, 1996 O'Connell Davidson J. and Sanchez Taylor J.: Child Prostitution and Sex Tourism: South Africa: A research paper for ECPAT in preparation for the World Congress Against the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children, 1996 Schurink, W.: Researching Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children: Some Observations from Existing Social Science literature and a Preliminary Research Agenda For Eastern And Southern African Countries: Human Sciences Research Council, 1996 Schurink W., Schurink, E and Smit, C.: Children Involved in Prostitution: Exploring a social 88
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The Trafficking of Children for Pur
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Acknowledgments This report was res
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Contents Page About Molo Songololo
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5.4 Punishment and resistance 59 5.
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Executive summary This research rep
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Moçambique and Angola involves bot
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Children. The Norwegian Justice Min
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Chapter 1 Motivations of the resear
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2. Ensure a reduction in the incide
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Box 1: Glossary of terms Trafficker
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3. Terminology The terms, "the chil
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4. Design and Method 4.1. Aims and
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m) A review of the following releva
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to emphasise the immediate need for
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countries to ensure that measures a
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Actors/dancers/singers wanted. Expe
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Chapter 4 Factors and trends with r
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Mpumalanga 7 3 18 12 North West Pro
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According to a sex worker the effec
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Here individual traits and problems
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• Men from the Northern Suburbs o
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Alleged police involvement and corr
Page 46 and 47: Map 2: Some indications of local tr
Page 48 and 49: • An increase in unemployment •
Page 50 and 51: Johannesburg. Needless to say, once
Page 52 and 53: Map 3: Cross-border trafficking of
Page 54 and 55: Chapter 6 The role of gangs in the
Page 56 and 57: gangs in their own right. 135 These
Page 58 and 59: Little is known about the gang lead
Page 60 and 61: • All had been physically and sex
Page 62 and 63: Original transcripts of selected te
Page 64 and 65: Abduction 3: Alicia's story Origina
Page 66 and 67: Any act seen as resistance or a cha
Page 68 and 69: Referred to as " besagheid" or "wer
Page 70 and 71: Lucia gets away: as told by Jenny T
Page 72 and 73: Table 6: Girls in the gang intervie
Page 74 and 75: During the course of the twentieth
Page 76 and 77: States Parties undertake to protect
Page 78 and 79: Article 3 states that: State Partie
Page 80 and 81: Article 7 places an obligation on s
Page 82 and 83: constitutive elements related to of
Page 84 and 85: the appropriate authorities, like t
Page 86 and 87: whoa) permits, procures or attempts
Page 88 and 89: foreign nationals to come to this c
Page 90 and 91: This Act provides for a broad defin
Page 92 and 93: • Films and Publication Act, No 6
Page 94 and 95: 2) The Children's Court may order t
Page 98 and 99: process to manage the problem in So
Page 100 and 101: Legal Instruments South African Leg
Page 102 and 103: "Zunaid". Ek het, was die enigste e
Page 104 and 105: Ons gee vir hulle pak. - Belinda 5.
Page 106 and 107: man sê toe nou vir my ek moet eers
Page 108 and 109: For these purposes, State Parties s
Page 110 and 111: States Parties to the present Chart
Page 112 and 113: 9. The commercial sexual exploitati
Page 114 and 115: esponsible sexual attitudes and beh
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The trafficking of children for purposes of sexual exploitation

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