The trafficking of children for purposes of sexual exploitation

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Little is known about the gang leader. Interviews reveal that he tried to live up to his image as a monster. The girls speak of his brutality in relation to them and the boys in the gang. Little is known about his connections to other gangs, except that he had connections with the Hard Livings gang. The gang leader is connected to a number of residential areas in Cape Town, most notably Salt River, Woodstock, the Bo-Kaap and Lentegeur in Mitchell's Plain and exercises some influence on residents in these areas. 146 It is conceivable that his initial job as a pimp is the consequence of his last stay in Pollsmoor prison, from where he was released in 1993. And it is probably here that he became a member of the 28s/26s. His role as pimp of a small group of girls appears to have started at the end of 1993. Douglas-Hamilton points out that theoretically the 26s steal with cunning and the 28s are primarily concerned with organising sexual partners and sodomising. 147 3.2.1.2. Male Gang Members: Known as the Boys/the Guards/Guardtjies According to Douglas-Hamilton coloured male youths between the ages of 13 - 19 years provide the most useful study group for the investigator of gang behaviour as "The majority of gangs youths fall into this age, sex and race group. 148 Table 4 below reflects this trend. The two who fall outside it are the gang leader, and one other member. Both are over 30. Fourteen of the male members represented in this table, are coloured and one Indian. This particular gang reflects high family involvement. The gang leader seems to draw on his immediate and extended family for recruitment of boys. 149 Of the thirteen boys, six are related to him. The reason for the family involvement as well as the girls' taking on the gang leader's surname, in public spaces indicates that this is a mafia type gang - one type of gang organisation found on the Cape Flats. 150 In some cases, the non-related boys are children who used to live on the street. It is not known how they became members of the gang. 151 The boys' roles appear to have been to • protect the girls from sex exploiters, on the street and in the house • help bring the girls in line, through beatings and sexual assaults • participate in the abduction of girls • lure girls into the gang • subjugate abducted girls through rape and beatings • take possession of goods stolen by the girls, on the street or in the house. Table 4: Male gang members - Relationships and reported offences committed against girls 152 Name Relationship to Age in 2000 (some Mentioned by girls in relation to gang leader might be offences against them and others inaccurate) Boy 1 N/A 17 Physical assault 146 Researchers field notes. 147 D. Douglas-Hamilton: Warriors of the Ghetto: Ganging as a rite of passage. Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for B SOC SC (HONS) Degree in Criminology, UCT, 1998. p. 57 148 D. Douglas-Hamilton Ibid p.14 149 Interview with police officer 150 Types of gangs are: corner kids, street gangs, mafia, prison and syndicate 151 Interview with police officer. 152 From interviews with abducted and trafficked girls and their family members 49
Boy 2 N/A 16 Rape, theft, abduction Boy 3 Former street child 17 Physical assault Boy 4 Brother/sister’s son N/A Assault, rape, abduction Boy 5 First cousin’s son 14 at time of death Physical assault Boy 6 First cousin’s son 15 at time of death Physical assault Boy7 N/A 17 Abduction, attempted rape, assault Boy 8 Brother/sister’s son 23 Rape, abduction Boy 9 Own son 17 Murder, rape, attempted rape Boy 10 N/A 17 Physical assault Boy 11 N/A 17, at time of death Murdered between ’96 and in Jan ‘99 Boy 12 N/A 17 Abduction, rape Adult 1 Leader of the gang 36 Rape, murder, abduction, theft assault, extortion Adult 2 N/A 33 Abduction, rape and physical assault Adult 3 First cousin’s son 19, at time of death Rape, abduction, assault 3.2.1.3. The girl children Of the nineteen interviewees, six had done sex work and engaged in the robbing of sex exploiters. Of the six, two had been abducted from the Golden Acre and the Parade respectively and held captive. Two of the girls were lured off the street and the remaining two went to the house to bring their siblings back home and were coerced into staying and becoming child prostitutes. The remaining thirteen interviewees were abducted for purposes of physical and sexual assault by the male members of the gang. They managed to escape. Their periods of captivity lasted from a couple of hours to two months. Interviews with the girls revealed the traffic of thirty-six more girls between 1994 and February 2000. The girls are known in the community as the gang leader's girls. They are generally between the ages of thirteen and fifteen at first initiation. One child, was twelve. None of them indicated a history of prior sexual abuse, although some of them had been sexually active. Most of them had lived in relatively stable homes. Some had run away from institutions. The girls are exclusively 'coloured' and working class. The majority of them are from working class areas on the Cape Flats. Four, comprising two sets of sisters, are from other provinces namely KwaZulu Natal and the Eastern Cape. Traditionally and universally gang members use a variety of methods to denote their allegiance or affiliation to a specific gang. Traditionally this includes the wearing of a specific brand, type, or colour of apparel (e.g. hat, jacket, shirt, pants, and shoes). 153 Gang members also dress either to the right or the left. 154 The male members of the gang use covert methods to denote their gang affiliation, as for instance in the dyeing of their hair bright green or orange. The girl members' gang affiliation is shown in the tattooing of the leader’s name on their hands and in the dyeing of their hair blonde and in the nose stud in the left nostril as well as three ear piercings in the left side. 155 The girls however only mentioned the tattoo which some of them experienced as traumatic. From the interviews the following emerged about the traffic of girls into the gang. • 55 known girl children trafficked, over a six-year period (1994 to February 2000) • 15 abducted, of which 13 managed to escape without having done "sex work", 2 stayed on as "sex workers" • 4 lured to the house by the girls, sexually assaulted but let go • 2 lured off the street by one of our interviewees, who also lured her sister • 2 reported to have been murdered 153 J. Ogeiva: 'Gangs': http://eric-web.tc.columbia.edu/monographs/nds107/-gangs.html 154 Ibid 155 The piercings were noted by the researchers and mentioned by the independent researcher 50
Page 2 and 3:
The Trafficking of Children for Pur
Page 4 and 5:
Acknowledgments This report was res
Page 6 and 7:
Contents Page About Molo Songololo
Page 8 and 9: 5.4 Punishment and resistance 59 5.
Page 10 and 11: Executive summary This research rep
Page 12 and 13: Moçambique and Angola involves bot
Page 14 and 15: Children. The Norwegian Justice Min
Page 16 and 17: Chapter 1 Motivations of the resear
Page 18 and 19: 2. Ensure a reduction in the incide
Page 20 and 21: Box 1: Glossary of terms Trafficker
Page 22 and 23: 3. Terminology The terms, "the chil
Page 24 and 25: 4. Design and Method 4.1. Aims and
Page 26 and 27: m) A review of the following releva
Page 28 and 29: to emphasise the immediate need for
Page 30 and 31: countries to ensure that measures a
Page 32 and 33: Actors/dancers/singers wanted. Expe
Page 34 and 35: Chapter 4 Factors and trends with r
Page 36 and 37: Mpumalanga 7 3 18 12 North West Pro
Page 38 and 39: According to a sex worker the effec
Page 40 and 41: Here individual traits and problems
Page 42 and 43: • Men from the Northern Suburbs o
Page 44 and 45: Alleged police involvement and corr
Page 46 and 47: Map 2: Some indications of local tr
Page 48 and 49: • An increase in unemployment •
Page 50 and 51: Johannesburg. Needless to say, once
Page 52 and 53: Map 3: Cross-border trafficking of
Page 54 and 55: Chapter 6 The role of gangs in the
Page 56 and 57: gangs in their own right. 135 These
Page 60 and 61: • All had been physically and sex
Page 62 and 63: Original transcripts of selected te
Page 64 and 65: Abduction 3: Alicia's story Origina
Page 66 and 67: Any act seen as resistance or a cha
Page 68 and 69: Referred to as " besagheid" or "wer
Page 70 and 71: Lucia gets away: as told by Jenny T
Page 72 and 73: Table 6: Girls in the gang intervie
Page 74 and 75: During the course of the twentieth
Page 76 and 77: States Parties undertake to protect
Page 78 and 79: Article 3 states that: State Partie
Page 80 and 81: Article 7 places an obligation on s
Page 82 and 83: constitutive elements related to of
Page 84 and 85: the appropriate authorities, like t
Page 86 and 87: whoa) permits, procures or attempts
Page 88 and 89: foreign nationals to come to this c
Page 90 and 91: This Act provides for a broad defin
Page 92 and 93: • Films and Publication Act, No 6
Page 94 and 95: 2) The Children's Court may order t
Page 96 and 97: espect to restorative justice this
Page 98 and 99: process to manage the problem in So
Page 100 and 101: Legal Instruments South African Leg
Page 102 and 103: "Zunaid". Ek het, was die enigste e
Page 104 and 105: Ons gee vir hulle pak. - Belinda 5.
Page 106 and 107: man sê toe nou vir my ek moet eers
Page 108 and 109:
For these purposes, State Parties s
Page 110 and 111:
States Parties to the present Chart
Page 112 and 113:
9. The commercial sexual exploitati
Page 114 and 115:
esponsible sexual attitudes and beh
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The trafficking of children for purposes of sexual exploitation

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