The trafficking of children for purposes of sexual exploitation

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Children. The Norwegian Justice Minister commissioned this documentary, in 1988. The transcript was reproduced in Lee-Wright’s Child Slaves. 4 In this documentary an undercover Los Angeles police officer took a call from an Italian peadophile, Allesandro Monchini. Alessandro: "I want a child of ten years." Police Officer: "A little girl of ten years?" Alessandro: "Yes. Perfect. Also one of eight years, six years. What you say ...?" Police Officer: " I think a girl of ten, but if I can find someone younger I will try." Alessandro: "OK." Police Officer: "OK. And you want to have sex with her?" Alessandro: "Yes, yes. And I want to have, if possible, hard sex." Police Officer: "Very hard sex." Alessandro: "OK. We can do all this?" Police Officer: "You can do anything you want with her." Alessandro: "After she make love, she die." Police Officer: "Do you want to kill the girl?" Alessandro: "Yes. What happen when she die?" Police Officer: "We would have to find a way to get rid of her body." Alessandro: "Aha. And how much cost it?" The global sex industry is a sophisticated one which is characterised by its diversity. It comprises both small businesses and large enterprises, "with bank accounts, advertising campaigns and glossy brochures." 5 These operations are run by local gangs as well international syndicates who use "deception, kidnapping, enslavement, smuggling, false passports, bribery, and corruption at many levels." 6 This poses major challenges for the international community. The impunity with which international syndicates and individuals manage to engage in these illegal operations increasingly threatens the sovereignty of governments and borders. The primary focus of this report however is on the local nature of the trafficking of children for the purpose of sexual exploitation. Structure of the report The report is divided into eight chapters. Each of these chapters deals with a specific theme relevant to the issue. Chapter 1 covers the motivations for the research and provides details about political initiatives at international, regional and local levels related to child prostitution and the trafficking of children. These initiatives resulted in particular commitments to eradicate the twin phenomena of child prostitution and trafficking of children, for this purpose. Whilst this report describes these initiatives, it does not provide an evaluation of progress in this regard. Chapter 2 is concerned with conceptual and methodological issues. It provides definitions of terms used to describe and explain the phenomena, and outlines the research process in terms of methodology. This covers primary and secondary data collection, and analysis and interpretation of the data. Chapter 3 provides a brief overview of the international and national literature on the topics. This provides a brief overview of the main themes covered in international literature and provides a picture of the information available on South Africa. The major source of South African material comes from newspaper coverage. The results of trends and patterns identified from print media sources have been incorporated in Chapter 4. 4 P. Lee -Wright: Child Slaves (Earthscan, London 1989) 5 'Children as commodities' www.ecpat.net 6 Ibid 5
Chapter 4 covers the causal factors that give rise to the increase in the trafficking of children and provide indications of patterns and trends as they relate to the phenomenon. It details the institutional and structural socio-economic conditions prevalent in South Africa that constitute the push factors that result in poverty and lack of access to financial resources. It also suggests that the changes in family structure are a major contributing factor and these, combined with the institutional socio-economic conditions prevalent in South Africa, constitute the primary push factors. The pull factors essentially constitute the factors that facilitate both the demand and the supply. The availability of money and the use of power determine the demand for sex with children by adults. Some sex exploiters favour children over adult sex workers because children are less likely to negotiate the exchange in terms of the sexual acts. The chapter also provides a sketch of patterns and trends that relate to the issues of child prostitution and trafficking of children. This chapter thus provides profiles of traffickers, children who are trafficked and some indications of who the sex exploiters are and what their attitudes to sex with children are. It also indicates the methods of trafficking used and gives an indication of in-country trafficking routes. Chapter 5 provides indications of the cross-border trafficking of children into South Africa. The cross-border trafficking of children is not a recent phenomenon and further in-depth research is needed to establish the changes in the nature of cross-border trafficking over the past hundred years. Despite the occurrence of the cross-border trafficking of children since the time of the "White Slave Trade" in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, South Africa still does not have legislation that prohibits the trafficking of children for this or any other exploitative purpose. Information on the nature and extent of present day cross-border operations is limited and more difficult to access than information on the in-country trafficking. This is largely due to two factors, the international nature of the trafficking and the involvement of transnational crime syndicates. Children are also kept in captivity and are therefore difficult to access. Chapter 6 provides a case study of 19 girls trafficked into a Cape Town-based gang. The case study provides some information on gang involvement in child prostitution and provides a picture of the structure of the particular gang. Importantly the case study provides insights into the lives and experiences of the girls trafficked for the purposes of sexual exploitation. It details the methods of trafficking, provides a profile of the male members of the gang. It also explains the relationships that operate within the gang where girl children are subjected to physical and sexual violence on a daily basis from the gang leader, other male members in the gang and from sex exploiters. It also gives a profile of the girls interviewed. Chapter 7 looks at the legal issues as they pertain to child prostitution and trafficking of children for this purpose. This chapter provides a review of current international conventions, African charters and South African legislation. As such it provides legal remedies to deal with the trafficking of children for the purpose of sexual exploitation. Chapter 8 contains recommendations that will provide for the safety and care of sexually exploited children. These recommendations focus on initiatives that could be undertaken at both a national and a local level. 6
Page 2 and 3: The Trafficking of Children for Pur
Page 4 and 5: Acknowledgments This report was res
Page 6 and 7: Contents Page About Molo Songololo
Page 8 and 9: 5.4 Punishment and resistance 59 5.
Page 10 and 11: Executive summary This research rep
Page 12 and 13: Moçambique and Angola involves bot
Page 16 and 17: Chapter 1 Motivations of the resear
Page 18 and 19: 2. Ensure a reduction in the incide
Page 20 and 21: Box 1: Glossary of terms Trafficker
Page 22 and 23: 3. Terminology The terms, "the chil
Page 24 and 25: 4. Design and Method 4.1. Aims and
Page 26 and 27: m) A review of the following releva
Page 28 and 29: to emphasise the immediate need for
Page 30 and 31: countries to ensure that measures a
Page 32 and 33: Actors/dancers/singers wanted. Expe
Page 34 and 35: Chapter 4 Factors and trends with r
Page 36 and 37: Mpumalanga 7 3 18 12 North West Pro
Page 38 and 39: According to a sex worker the effec
Page 40 and 41: Here individual traits and problems
Page 42 and 43: • Men from the Northern Suburbs o
Page 44 and 45: Alleged police involvement and corr
Page 46 and 47: Map 2: Some indications of local tr
Page 48 and 49: • An increase in unemployment •
Page 50 and 51: Johannesburg. Needless to say, once
Page 52 and 53: Map 3: Cross-border trafficking of
Page 54 and 55: Chapter 6 The role of gangs in the
Page 56 and 57: gangs in their own right. 135 These
Page 58 and 59: Little is known about the gang lead
Page 60 and 61: • All had been physically and sex
Page 62 and 63: Original transcripts of selected te
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Abduction 3: Alicia's story Origina
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Any act seen as resistance or a cha
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Referred to as " besagheid" or "wer
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Lucia gets away: as told by Jenny T
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Table 6: Girls in the gang intervie
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During the course of the twentieth
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States Parties undertake to protect
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Article 3 states that: State Partie
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Article 7 places an obligation on s
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constitutive elements related to of
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the appropriate authorities, like t
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whoa) permits, procures or attempts
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foreign nationals to come to this c
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This Act provides for a broad defin
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• Films and Publication Act, No 6
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2) The Children's Court may order t
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espect to restorative justice this
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process to manage the problem in So
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Legal Instruments South African Leg
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"Zunaid". Ek het, was die enigste e
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Ons gee vir hulle pak. - Belinda 5.
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man sê toe nou vir my ek moet eers
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For these purposes, State Parties s
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States Parties to the present Chart
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9. The commercial sexual exploitati
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esponsible sexual attitudes and beh
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The trafficking of children for purposes of sexual exploitation

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