The trafficking of children for purposes of sexual exploitation

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to emphasise the immediate need for implementation of existing policies and programmes of action that have the best interests of children at their centre. 19
Chapter 3 Review of literature: The trafficking of children for purposes of sexual exploitation 1.Literature Surveys 1.1. International literature The international literature on the trafficking of children into domestic and foreign sex industries is vast. Most of this literature focuses on the trafficking of children on the Asian continent, with a particular focus on Southeast Asia, 22 especially Thailand, where the local sex industry although illegal is said to account for 15 to 18 percent of the Gross Domestic Product. 23 Among these, are various studies conducted by anti-trafficking organisations. 24 The themes covered in these reports are: • the international trafficking of children In general the literature indicates that children are trafficked to feed the growing international sex industries. This is largely by international crime syndicates. It also reveals that this is primarily to feed the growing sex tourism industries in Asian countries. • the regional trafficking of children The focus on the regional trafficking of children is primarily Asian-based and involves the trafficking of children on the Indian sub-continent. • the factors that put children at risk of being trafficked From the literature the primary factors that put children at risk are poverty and religious practices such as temple prostitution in particularly Thailand and India. • the number of children being trafficked These vary, but figures range from a few hundred to tens of thousands. Trafficked children are primarily girls although boys have been identified in Sri Lanka. • rescue of trafficked children A number of documents have this as a feature. This usually covers the rescue of an individual girl child by a non-governmental organisation. The child is usually rescued from a brothel and reintegrated into her village. In some instances the rescue of a few girls from a single brothel is recorded. • the need for legal reforms and penalties for traffickers Most of the literature that focuses on this aspect indicates that there is not sufficient legal prohibition that allows for the arrest and conviction of traffickers. This usually relates to the difficulties related to extradition of traffickers for offences committed in the country of destination. • that trafficking is a violation of the rights and dignity of the child Anti-trafficking groups focus on this aspect with regard to the rights of children contained in the United Nations Conventions on the Rights of the Child. Articles 34 and 35 expressly obligate 22 Researchers who conducted a global literature review for UNICEF confirm this. See J. Ennew et al: How Can We Measure and Monitor the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children? Literature Review and Annotated Bibliography UNICEF and others, 1996 23 L. Lim (ed.) The Sex Sector: The economic and social bases of prostitution in Southeast Asia (ILO, International Labour Office, Geneva, 1998) 24 UNICEF Cambodia: The Trafficking and Prostitution of Children in Cambodia: A Situation Report, 1995, ECPAT, YMCA, ECPAT and UNICEF: Child Prostitution: The Ultimate Abuse: Report on National Consultation on Child Prostitution Nov 18-20 1995, New Delhi and various websites See for instances: Global Alliance Against the Traffic in Women see: http://inte.co.th/gaatw For Coalition Against Trafficking in Women see: http://www.uri.edu/artsci/hughes/catw/catw/htm For Captive Daughters see www.captive.org For Prostitution Research see www.prostitutionresearch.com 20
Page 2 and 3: The Trafficking of Children for Pur
Page 4 and 5: Acknowledgments This report was res
Page 6 and 7: Contents Page About Molo Songololo
Page 8 and 9: 5.4 Punishment and resistance 59 5.
Page 10 and 11: Executive summary This research rep
Page 12 and 13: Moçambique and Angola involves bot
Page 14 and 15: Children. The Norwegian Justice Min
Page 16 and 17: Chapter 1 Motivations of the resear
Page 18 and 19: 2. Ensure a reduction in the incide
Page 20 and 21: Box 1: Glossary of terms Trafficker
Page 22 and 23: 3. Terminology The terms, "the chil
Page 24 and 25: 4. Design and Method 4.1. Aims and
Page 26 and 27: m) A review of the following releva
Page 30 and 31: countries to ensure that measures a
Page 32 and 33: Actors/dancers/singers wanted. Expe
Page 34 and 35: Chapter 4 Factors and trends with r
Page 36 and 37: Mpumalanga 7 3 18 12 North West Pro
Page 38 and 39: According to a sex worker the effec
Page 40 and 41: Here individual traits and problems
Page 42 and 43: • Men from the Northern Suburbs o
Page 44 and 45: Alleged police involvement and corr
Page 46 and 47: Map 2: Some indications of local tr
Page 48 and 49: • An increase in unemployment •
Page 50 and 51: Johannesburg. Needless to say, once
Page 52 and 53: Map 3: Cross-border trafficking of
Page 54 and 55: Chapter 6 The role of gangs in the
Page 56 and 57: gangs in their own right. 135 These
Page 58 and 59: Little is known about the gang lead
Page 60 and 61: • All had been physically and sex
Page 62 and 63: Original transcripts of selected te
Page 64 and 65: Abduction 3: Alicia's story Origina
Page 66 and 67: Any act seen as resistance or a cha
Page 68 and 69: Referred to as " besagheid" or "wer
Page 70 and 71: Lucia gets away: as told by Jenny T
Page 72 and 73: Table 6: Girls in the gang intervie
Page 74 and 75: During the course of the twentieth
Page 76 and 77: States Parties undertake to protect
Page 78 and 79:
Article 3 states that: State Partie
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Article 7 places an obligation on s
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constitutive elements related to of
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the appropriate authorities, like t
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whoa) permits, procures or attempts
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foreign nationals to come to this c
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This Act provides for a broad defin
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• Films and Publication Act, No 6
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2) The Children's Court may order t
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espect to restorative justice this
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process to manage the problem in So
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Legal Instruments South African Leg
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"Zunaid". Ek het, was die enigste e
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Ons gee vir hulle pak. - Belinda 5.
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man sê toe nou vir my ek moet eers
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For these purposes, State Parties s
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States Parties to the present Chart
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9. The commercial sexual exploitati
Page 114 and 115:
esponsible sexual attitudes and beh
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The trafficking of children for purposes of sexual exploitation

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