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survey report, entitled “Attitudes, Behaviour and Religious Violence in
Indonesia (Findings of a National Survey),” contained some very interesting
results that suggest approval for the literalist readings of the hudud ordinances
within sharia law associated with Salafi jihadist groups. 21 Under the heading of
“support for Islamism,” it was reported that 57.7 percent of respondents agreed
with the punishment of death by stoning for adulterers and 30 percent agreed
with amputating the hands of convicted thieves. 22 Similarly, 18.1 percent
expressed support for the notion that apostates should be killed. 23 While a
quarter of respondents (25.2 percent) were ready to fight as mujahidin in Poso,
half of the respondents (49 percent) agreed that, as a matter of principle, Muslims
were obliged to fight in Poso to defend other Muslims. 24 A third of respondents
(32.8 percent) viewed the American actions in Iraq and Afghanistan as attacks on
Muslims and as many as one in six (16.1 percent) said that the 11 September 2001
attacks could be justified retrospectively on the basis of the U.S. response in Iraq
and Afghanistan. A full 23.1 percent expressed willingness to join in jihad in
defense of Muslims in Iraq and Afghanistan. Finally, one in five (20.5 percent)
agreed that the 2002 Bali bombings were justified.
A second PPIM survey in 2007, entitled “Assessment of Social and Political
Attitudes in Indonesian Schools: Madrasah and Pesantren Directors and
Students,” examined the views of religious teachers (ulama: kyai, and ustadz)
and senior students in a sample of the 20,000 pesantren and thousands of
madrasah associated with Muhammadiyah and NU.
25
This study shows that
Islamic teachers and students are much more conservative in their views and
convictions than Indonesian society as a whole. Schools such al-Mu’min
Pesantren in Ngruki naturally represent the conservative end of the spectrum
and are not representative of Indonesian pesantren in general. Nevertheless, the
results of this survey suggest that their views are not held in isolation. For
instance, while 30 percent of ordinary people surveyed expressed support for the
hudud punishment of amputation, twice as many (59.1 percent) of religious
schooling respondents voiced support. 26 Similarly, twice as many of the
21
PPIM UIN Jakarta, Sikap dan Perilaku Kekerasan Keagamaan di Indonesia (Temuan Survey Nasional),
http://www.ppim.or.id/doc/file/20070607091626.pdf
22
Ibid., 12.
23
Ibid., 10. “Muslim yang keluar dari Islam (murtad) harus dibunuh (18,1%).”
24
Ibid., 7.
25
Jamhari and Jajat Burhanudi, Assessment of Social and Political Attitudes in Indonesian Schools
(madrasah and Pesantren Directors and Students), (PPIM UIN Jakarta)
http://www.ppim.or.id/doc/file/20070530032238.pdf
26
Ibid., 21.
48