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to terrorism. Islamists were at the forefront of the independence struggle in both Indonesia and Malaysia, and terrorism is not unique to the extremists of the Muslim faith. Not only is militant Islam in Southeast Asia scattered, but it is also confined to small and marginalized groups… 69 69 Hussin Mutalib, “Misunderstood: Political Islam in Southeast Asia,” Harvard International Review 28, no. 2 (Summer 2006), 84. 73
Ideology, Religion, and Mobilization in the Southern Thai Conflict Joseph Chinyong Liow Introduction Since 2004, violence has become a regular occurrence along Thailand’s southern border. A rejuvenated separatist movement, the BRN-Coordinate (Barison Revolusi National-Coordinate or National Revolutionary Front-Coordinate) is believed to have sparked the recent wave of violence on 4 January with a raid on a military camp; following the BRN assault, bombings, targeted killings, arson and attacks on military convoys has become commonplace. Indeed, violence in the provinces of Pattani, Yala, and Narathiwat has accounted for more than 3,000 deaths to date, and shows no signs of abating. Although the conflict is relatively low intensity in nature, the ongoing violence deserves attention, particularly for the absence of any claim of responsibility by its perpetrators. Moreover, while analysts and observers mostly agree that the BRN-Coordinate has emerged as a major actor in the violence, some have argued that several newer groups may 1 have surfaced and are playing a major part in the conflict. Another ambiguous feature of the conflict in southern Thailand is the relative dearth of information regarding the key ideological drivers of the fighting. Unlike their counterparts in other regional clashes, including separatists in Aceh, Irian Jaya (or West Papua), and Mindanao, as well as religiously-inspired extremists such as members of Jemaah Islamiyah, insurgents in southern Thailand have not articulated the ideological underpinnings of their groups’ violence. Based on present evidence, the southern Thai conflict does not appear to coalesce around the vitriolic religious ideology of an Abu Bakar Bashir, a religio-political blueprint such as that mapped out by the late Salamat Hashim and currently being set in motion by the MILF in the southern Philippines, or a coherent separatist agenda similar to the Gerakan Aceh Merdeka (Aceh Freedom Movement) struggle. Given this absence of a clear ideological leader or platform, any serious attempt to uncover the impetus to the southern Thailand conflict would predictably be an arduous task, compounded further by the murky nature 1 According to a range of reports, some of these groups include Hikmatullah Abadan, RKK (Runda Kumpulan Kecil), Pemuda, Thai United Southern Underground, and most recently, the Mujahidin Shura Council of Southeast Asia and Patani Malay Consultative Congress. A useful typology of the degree of organization and institutionalization of the ongoing insurgency is provided by Duncan McCargo. See Duncan McCargo, Tearing the Land Apart: Islam and Legitimacy in Southern Thailand (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2008), 168-74.
Page 1 and 2:
THE COMBATING TERRORISM CENTER AT W
Page 3 and 4:
Table of Contents Preface 3 The Lan
Page 5 and 6:
The Landscape of Jihadism in Southe
Page 7 and 8:
nationalist aims rather than a glob
Page 9 and 10:
Extremist Islam in Malaysia is a re
Page 11 and 12:
The first article, by Rohan Gunarat
Page 13 and 14:
The Current and Emerging Extremist
Page 15 and 16:
Mecca in 1979, the continuing Arab-
Page 17 and 18:
answers to such questions as: Who s
Page 19 and 20:
in 1999 by the son of the leader of
Page 21 and 22:
Indonesian friends some of who I ca
Page 23 and 24: 2. Al-Qa’ida Although JI is clear
Page 25 and 26: In addition to the crackdown on the
Page 27 and 28: - Transcriptions of audio speeches
Page 29 and 30: that his teachers had a cut-and-pas
Page 31 and 32: The historical development of Jihad
Page 33 and 34: Ramadan fast observance, and attend
Page 35 and 36: exponentially, quickly claiming ove
Page 37 and 38: declare the Hezbollah controlled ar
Page 39 and 40: Ja’far Umar Thalib, erstwhile lea
Page 41 and 42: founder, Abu Bakar Ba’asyir, whos
Page 43 and 44: it made a bloody intervention in Ja
Page 45 and 46: their time learning how to shoot fi
Page 47 and 48: died in 1999, Ba’asyir lacks conv
Page 49 and 50: survey report, entitled “Attitude
Page 51 and 52: Jihadi Publishing in Indonesia Publ
Page 53 and 54: Ladin who was killed by the Saudi a
Page 55 and 56: The Influence of Transnational Jiha
Page 57 and 58: there, he met Usama bin Ladin and b
Page 59 and 60: supporters among the Muslim populat
Page 61 and 62: will guide them and admit them to P
Page 63 and 64: Yousef’s arrest in the Philippine
Page 65 and 66: RSM’s Ideology RSM’s jihadist i
Page 67 and 68: will be granted seven special favor
Page 69 and 70: ay, and in the long run, to rid the
Page 71 and 72: nature of their political goals but
Page 73: motivation. 66 Moreover, without a
Page 77 and 78: degrees of autonomy despite being f
Page 79 and 80: General Wattanachai Chaaimuanwong,
Page 81 and 82: liberationist ideology are invited
Page 83 and 84: Interestingly, even when the notion
Page 85 and 86: ensure that you deal with them in a
Page 87 and 88: uncovered a controversial manuscrip
Page 89 and 90: legislative elements of the Patani
Page 91 and 92: Buddhist colonialism supported by t
Page 93 and 94: eligious referents to the ongoing c
Page 95 and 96: Conclusion Given the increasingly p
Page 97 and 98: Southeast Asia. The raw number of u
Page 99 and 100: operating through websites. This ob
Page 101 and 102: language jihadist websites, which h
Page 103 and 104: sending representatives to make the
Page 105 and 106: group named Al-Qiyadah al-Islamiyah
Page 107 and 108: Al-Muhajirun (http://www.almuhajiru
Page 109 and 110: other. The former are busy pursuing
Page 111 and 112: al-Qa’ida’s High-Command, Abdal
Page 113 and 114: on current events, new al-Qa’ida
Page 115 and 116: Viewing the Southeast Asian jihadis
Page 117: Germany, the United Kingdom, China,
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