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espondents in religious schools (67.0 percent) said that they believed that the American actions in Iraq and Afghanistan represented attacks on Islam. 27 When it came to the proposition that “Western countries, primarily the United States and Great Britain, are the root cause of religious violence in Muslim countries (such as bombings in Indonesia and in Middle Eastern countries),” four out five (80 percent) agreed, whereas only one in ten (10.1 percent) were critical of Usama bin Ladin and prepared to agree that he was an “actor of violence in the world.” 28 A remarkable two out of three of these respondents at Islamic educational institutions affirmed that they “support the foundation of an Islamic state and the implementation of sharia as advocated by Darul Islam (DI), Negara Islam Indonesia (NII), Majlis Mujahidin Indonesia (MMI), Front Pembela Islam (FPI) and Laskar Jihad (LJ).” 29 Clearly, there is much deeper support for jihadi ideas within Indonesia’s pesantren, madrasah and Islamic colleges than one might hope. For the reasons outlined at the beginning of this chapter, it seems likely that this apparent support for radical jihadi Islamism is a product of long-established social conservatism in NU and theological conservatism within Muhammadiyah. 27 Ibid., 28. 28 Ibid. 29 Ibid., 20. On Laskar Jihad refer tp Laskar Jihad see: Noorhaidi Hasan, Laskar Jihad: Islam, Militancy, and the Quest for Identity in Post-New Order Indonesia (Ithaca: Cornell Southeast Asia Program, 2006); also refer to Saiful Umam, "Radical Muslims in Indonesia: the Case of Ja'far Umar Thalib and Laskar Jihad", Explorations in Southeast Asian Studies, vol.6, no.1 (Spring 2006). For broader studies of Laskar Jihad, other jihadi militia and militant Islamism refer to: Zachary Abuza, Political Islam and Violence in Indonesia (London: Routledge, 2007); Greg Fealy, “Militant Java-based Islamist Movements”, in A Handbook of Terrorism and Insurgency in Southeast Asia, ed. Andrew Tan (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2007): 63-76; Greg Fealy, “Half a Century of Violent Jihad in Indonesia: An Historical and Ideological Comparison of Darul Islam and Jema'ah Islamiyah”, in Islamic Terrorism in Indonesia: Myths and Realities, ed. Marika Vicziany and David Wright-Neville, CSEAS Annual Indonesia Lecture Series, number 26 (Melbourne: Monash Asia Institute, 2005): 15-31; Greg Fealy and Anthony Bubalo, Between the Global and the Local: Islamism, the Middle East, and Indonesia, Analysis Paper No. 9, The Brookings Project on U.S. Policy Towards the Islamic World (Washington D.C.: The Saban Center for Middle East Policy at The Brookings Institution, 2005); Greg Fealy and Aldo Borgu, Local Jihad: Radical Islam and Terrorism in Indonesia, (Canberra: Australian Strategic Policy Institute, 2005); and Martin Van Bruinessen, “Genealogies of Islamic Radicalism in Post-Suharto Indonesia”, South East Asia Research 10, no. 2 (2002): 117–24. On FPI see: Jajang Jahroni et.al., "Defending the Majesty of Islam: Indonesia's Front Pembela Islam (FPI) 1998-2003", Studia Islamika vol. 11, no. 2 (2004): 197-56; and Ian Douglas Wilson, “The Changing Contours of Organised Violence in Post New Order Indonesia”, Murdoch University Asia Research Centre Working Paper No. 118 (April 2005) . 49
Jihadi Publishing in Indonesia Publishing, both through conventional print-media and online, has become an increasingly important part of jihadi activism in Indonesia. As was noted above, between 1982 and 1986, several dozen key jihadi texts by seminal intellectuals such as Hassan al-Banna, Maududi, Sayyid Qutb, and Ali Shariati were made available to broad readerships in Indonesia in affordable translations appearing in bookstores all across the country. In the decades since then, all major works of jihadi thinkers such as Abdullah Azzam, Abdul Qadir bin Abdul Aziz, and Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi, have been translated and published in relatively large print-runs. At the same time, tabloid publications popularising jihadi ideas, analysis, myths, and conspiracy theories, such as Sabili magazine, have enjoyed some of the highest circulations of any Indonesia print-media titles and have done much to socialize and normalize jihadi thought. Ironically, the arrest, prosecution, and incarceration of several hundred JI activists over the past half-dozen years coincided with a boom in jihadi publishing. It appears as if JI has, for the time being at least, reorientated itself away from terrorist violence and towards dakwah and publishing. This was documented in detail by the International Crisis Group Jakarta office team led by Sidney Jones. A February 2008 report entitled Indonesia: Jemaah Islamiyah’s Publishing Industry concludes that: 30 The publishing venture demonstrates JI’s resilience and the extent to which radical ideology has developed roots in Indonesia. The Indonesian government should monitor these enterprises more closely, but they may be playing a useful role by channelling JI energies into waging jihad through the printed page rather than acts of violence. Examining the titles printed permits tracking of a lively internal debate within JI over the desirability of al-Qaeda tactics.… 31 In September 2006, MMI partnered with the Ahlus Suffah Foundation and the An-Nabawy Islamic Study Center to publish Risalah Mujahidin (Stories of the Mujahidin). The Arafah Group, one of the leading publishers directly linked with 30 International Crisis Group, “Indonesia: Jemaah Islamiyah’s Publishing Industry,” Asia Report N°147, 28 February 2008. Most of the publishing activities briefly outlined here are examined in depth in this ICG report. 31 Ibid., ‘Executive Summary’. 50
Page 1 and 2: THE COMBATING TERRORISM CENTER AT W
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents Preface 3 The Lan
Page 5 and 6: The Landscape of Jihadism in Southe
Page 7 and 8: nationalist aims rather than a glob
Page 9 and 10: Extremist Islam in Malaysia is a re
Page 11 and 12: The first article, by Rohan Gunarat
Page 13 and 14: The Current and Emerging Extremist
Page 15 and 16: Mecca in 1979, the continuing Arab-
Page 17 and 18: answers to such questions as: Who s
Page 19 and 20: in 1999 by the son of the leader of
Page 21 and 22: Indonesian friends some of who I ca
Page 23 and 24: 2. Al-Qa’ida Although JI is clear
Page 25 and 26: In addition to the crackdown on the
Page 27 and 28: - Transcriptions of audio speeches
Page 29 and 30: that his teachers had a cut-and-pas
Page 31 and 32: The historical development of Jihad
Page 33 and 34: Ramadan fast observance, and attend
Page 35 and 36: exponentially, quickly claiming ove
Page 37 and 38: declare the Hezbollah controlled ar
Page 39 and 40: Ja’far Umar Thalib, erstwhile lea
Page 41 and 42: founder, Abu Bakar Ba’asyir, whos
Page 43 and 44: it made a bloody intervention in Ja
Page 45 and 46: their time learning how to shoot fi
Page 47 and 48: died in 1999, Ba’asyir lacks conv
Page 49: survey report, entitled “Attitude
Page 53 and 54: Ladin who was killed by the Saudi a
Page 55 and 56: The Influence of Transnational Jiha
Page 57 and 58: there, he met Usama bin Ladin and b
Page 59 and 60: supporters among the Muslim populat
Page 61 and 62: will guide them and admit them to P
Page 63 and 64: Yousef’s arrest in the Philippine
Page 65 and 66: RSM’s Ideology RSM’s jihadist i
Page 67 and 68: will be granted seven special favor
Page 69 and 70: ay, and in the long run, to rid the
Page 71 and 72: nature of their political goals but
Page 73 and 74: motivation. 66 Moreover, without a
Page 75 and 76: Ideology, Religion, and Mobilizatio
Page 77 and 78: degrees of autonomy despite being f
Page 79 and 80: General Wattanachai Chaaimuanwong,
Page 81 and 82: liberationist ideology are invited
Page 83 and 84: Interestingly, even when the notion
Page 85 and 86: ensure that you deal with them in a
Page 87 and 88: uncovered a controversial manuscrip
Page 89 and 90: legislative elements of the Patani
Page 91 and 92: Buddhist colonialism supported by t
Page 93 and 94: eligious referents to the ongoing c
Page 95 and 96: Conclusion Given the increasingly p
Page 97 and 98: Southeast Asia. The raw number of u
Page 99 and 100: operating through websites. This ob
Page 101 and 102:
language jihadist websites, which h
Page 103 and 104:
sending representatives to make the
Page 105 and 106:
group named Al-Qiyadah al-Islamiyah
Page 107 and 108:
Al-Muhajirun (http://www.almuhajiru
Page 109 and 110:
other. The former are busy pursuing
Page 111 and 112:
al-Qa’ida’s High-Command, Abdal
Page 113 and 114:
on current events, new al-Qa’ida
Page 115 and 116:
Viewing the Southeast Asian jihadis
Page 117:
Germany, the United Kingdom, China,
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