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SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMME 1 Monday 11 December 2000 8:30-9:15 Registration 9:15-9:45 Welcome addresses Mrs. Lucila Izquierdo, General Secretary of External and Institutional Relations, CIEMAT Mr. M. Hugon, Co-ordinator, P&T and Future Systems, EC-DGXII Mr. Ph. Savelli, Deputy Director, Science Computing and Development, (OECD/NEA) 9:45-11:00 Session I: Overview of National and International Programmes J.L. Diaz-Diaz (CIEMAT) – Ph. Savelli (OECD/NEA) • Research and Development of Technologies for Partitioning and Transmutation of Long-lived Nuclides in Japan –Status and Evaluation–, S. Aoki (STA). • French Research Programme to Reduce the Mass and Toxicity of Long-lived Highly Radioactive Nuclear Waste, P. Bernard et al. (CEA). • The Status of the US Accelerator Transmutation of Waste Programme, J. Bresee et al. (DOE, ANL). 11:00-11:20 Coffee break 11:20-12:50 • IAEA Activities in the Area of Emerging Nuclear Energy Systems, A. Stanculescu (IAEA). • Accelerator Driven Sub-critical Systems for Waste Transmutation: Co-operation and Coordination in Europe and the Role of the Technical Working Group, M. Salvatores et al. (TWG) • Partitioning and Transmutation in the EURATOM Fifth Framework Programme, M. Hugon et al. (EC). • Activities of OECD/NEA in the Frame of P&T, L. Van den Durpel et al. (OECD/NEA). 12:50-13:00 Introduction of poster sessions 13:00-14:30 Lunch 14:30-17:00 Session II: The Nuclear Fuel Cycle and P&T J J. Bresee (DOE) - P. Schapira (CNRS) Overview paper Closing the Nuclear Fuel Cycle: Issues and Perspectives, P. Wydler (PSI) and L. Baetslé (SCK•CEN) • Recent Topics in R&D for the OMEGA Project in JAERI, T. Osugi et al. (JAERI). • Transuranics Transmutation on Fertile and Inert Matrix Lead-bismuth Cooled ADS, E. González et al. (CIEMAT). • Actinide and Fission Product Burning in Fast Reactors with a Moderator, I. Krivitski et al. (IPPE). • Assessment of Nuclear Power Scenarios Allowing for Matrix Behaviour in Radiological Impact Modelling of Disposal Scenarios, H. Boussier et al. (CEA). • Disposal of Partitioning-transmutation Wastes with Separate Management of High-heat Radionuclides, Ch.W. Forsberg (ORNL). • The AMSTER Concept, D. Lecarpentier et al. (EdF, Ministère de l’Éducation, CEA, CNRS). 17:00-17:20 Coffee break 1 The four scientific Sessions (II-V) included an invited overview paper, which is reproduced in this booklet. The contributed papers are available on the CD-ROM. 11
Page 1 and 2: Nuclear Development ACTINIDE AND FI
Page 3 and 4: FOREWORD The objective of the OECD/
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword ........
Page 7 and 8: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY More than 160 par
Page 9: identified. In the fuel area, labor
Page 13 and 14: 16:40-18:20 Sub-session IV-C: Fuels
Page 15: Poster session: Transmutation Syste
Page 18 and 19: This programme includes six main li
Page 20 and 21: Laboratory in the USA with the ATW
Page 22 and 23: • Partitioning methods for long-l
Page 25 and 26: SESSION I Overview of National and
Page 27 and 28: collaborative research with foreign
Page 29 and 30: SESSION II The Nuclear Fuel Cycle a
Page 31 and 32: CLOSING THE NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE: ISS
Page 33 and 34: Relative to the self-sufficient rec
Page 35 and 36: Figure 2. Radiotoxicity of LWR spen
Page 37 and 38: 3.1 Core design constraints In prac
Page 39 and 40: 4. Fuel cycle problems and challeng
Page 41 and 42: Institute of Atomic Research (RIAR)
Page 43 and 44: separation of the uranium from the
Page 45 and 46: Since the radiotoxicity of 129 I is
Page 47 and 48: 8. Summary The principal points and
Page 49: [13] A.V. Bychkov et al., Pyroelect
Page 52 and 53: ecover transuranics for fissioning
Page 54 and 55: 1. Introduction Since the end of th
Page 56 and 57: Am+Cm/Ln(III) separation, (iv) the
Page 58 and 59: • 2 nd step: An(III)/Ln(III) sepa
Page 60 and 61:
Technetium ( 99 Tc) The soluble fra
Page 62 and 63:
are dissolved by a carbo-chloration
Page 64 and 65:
December 1991 Nuclear Waste Act: th
Page 66 and 67:
7 solutions, obtained with the 3 ba
Page 68 and 69:
1. Introduction To give a state-of-
Page 70 and 71:
Table 1. Consequences on the fuel c
Page 72 and 73:
exception of activities started at
Page 74 and 75:
The CONFIRM project, sponsored by t
Page 76 and 77:
Figure 4. A step-by-step approach t
Page 78 and 79:
The major objectives of the MEGAPIE
Page 80 and 81:
Figure 7. The MASURCA installation
Page 82 and 83:
3.3.3 Scenarios studies Scenario st
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4. Major missing points The analysi
Page 86 and 87:
The potential of any fast reactor,
Page 88 and 89:
However, the need to single out a
Page 90 and 91:
REFERENCES [1] M. Salvatores et al.
Page 92 and 93:
[33] A. Puill, J. Bergeron, Advance
Page 95 and 96:
SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS IN DESIGN OF
Page 97 and 98:
The approach taken by the expert gr
Page 99 and 100:
2.2 Safety strategies Strategies to
Page 101 and 102:
composition; this composition depen
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Table 3. Radiotoxicity data (CD = C
Page 105 and 106:
to vary from loading to loading as
Page 107 and 108:
the desired heat rating and on the
Page 109 and 110:
Proton beam transport tube and spal
Page 111 and 112:
Freezing temperatures and coolant/s
Page 113 and 114:
The prompt neutron population estab
Page 115 and 116:
feedbacks successfully exploited an
Page 117 and 118:
[10] a) R.A. Wigeland, Comparison o
Page 119:
POSTER SESSION Partitioning Chair:
Page 122 and 123:
The fourth paper reported on measur
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POSTER SESSION Transmutation System
Page 127:
CD-ROM CONTENTS AND INSTRUCTIONS FO
Page 131 and 132:
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOL
Page 133 and 134:
The long-term nuclear programme iss
Page 135 and 136:
3.2.3.2 JNC JNC is developing fuel
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4.2 Effects on geological disposal
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design and P&T introduction scenari
Page 141 and 142:
Annex 2 JAERI JNC CRIEPI 141 Elemen
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FRENCH RESEARCH PROGRAMME TO REDUCE
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The procedure involves identifying
Page 147 and 148:
THE STATUS OF THE US ACCELERATOR TR
Page 149 and 150:
of which runs off or is evaporated
Page 151:
REFERENCES [1] A Roadmap for Develo
Page 154 and 155:
1. Introduction In the second half
Page 156 and 157:
the IAEA Departments of Nuclear Ene
Page 158 and 159:
activities is comparison with the a
Page 160 and 161:
17-19 September 1997. Several major
Page 162 and 163:
In spite of the above-mentioned dis
Page 164 and 165:
LIST OF IAEA PUBLICATIONS 1. Intern
Page 166 and 167:
1. Background In 1998 the Research
Page 168 and 169:
form of minor actinides (MAs). Toda
Page 170 and 171:
Figure 2. Time schedule and milesto
Page 172 and 173:
The accelerator of the XADS has not
Page 175 and 176:
PARTITIONING AND TRANSMUTATION IN T
Page 177 and 178:
that would be more economical, safe
Page 179 and 180:
compounds will be studied together
Page 181 and 182:
Table 3. Cluster on transmutation-b
Page 183 and 184:
In view of the future research prog
Page 185 and 186:
ACTIVITIES OF OECD/NEA IN THE FRAME
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2. The previous 10 years The activi
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4. Scientific issues of P&T In para
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This Working Party will envelop the
Page 193 and 194:
• Demonstration Experimental Prog
Page 195:
SESSION II THE NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE A
Page 198 and 199:
1. Introduction The double-strata f
Page 200 and 201:
Figure 2. Flow-sheet of 4-group par
Page 202 and 203:
from an UO 2 -LWR. The number of tr
Page 204 and 205:
Figure 4. Scenario for development
Page 207 and 208:
TRANSURANICS TRANSMUTATION ON FERTI
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eserved for control bars, shutdown
Page 211 and 212:
Figure 2. Fuel cycle assumed in the
Page 213 and 214:
Reprocessing losses both from the L
Page 215 and 216:
Figure 7: Evolution of k eff of an
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allow to operate for more than 1 20
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ACTINIDE AND FISSION PRODUCT BURNIN
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volume fractions in a wide range co
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equires irradiation times beyond 10
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The dependencies presented allow ma
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Table 3. Different isotope contribu
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Thus, the introduction of an absorb
Page 231 and 232:
Table 9. 107 Pd transmutation effic
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Table 12. 135 Cs transmutation effi
Page 235:
REFERENCES [1] M. Salvatores, I. Sl
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1. Introduction Under the provision
Page 240 and 241:
PWR MIX (MOX with enriched uranium)
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Figure 2. Reduction of potential ra
Page 244 and 245:
REFERENCES [1] Stratégie et progra
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1. Introduction Repository design a
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− − − Waste volume. The quant
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underground in salt domes. The HHRs
Page 252 and 253:
quantity of waste, radionuclide rel
Page 254 and 255:
[7] J.J. Cohen, A.E. Lewis and R.L.
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1. Introduction On 30 December 1991
Page 258 and 259:
Once heated, the salt is entrained
Page 260 and 261:
The salt processing unit includes t
Page 262 and 263:
The volume of salt in the fertile a
Page 264 and 265:
Figure 5. Core mass balance for 0.5
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• As we saw earlier, it offers
Page 269:
SESSION III PARTITIONING SUB-SESSIO
Page 272 and 273:
1. Introduction There is no doubt t
Page 274 and 275:
to be much more ionic than is the c
Page 276 and 277:
Figure 3. One method of the synthes
Page 278 and 279:
REFERENCES [1] Gabriel Y.S. Chan, M
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1. Introduction Radioactive by-prod
Page 282 and 283:
Figure 3. Flowsheet for the hot exp
Page 284 and 285:
Figure 6. Aqueous profiles of fissi
Page 286 and 287:
REFERENCES [1] Z. Kolarik, U. Müll
Page 288 and 289:
1. Introduction Nuclear waste repro
Page 290 and 291:
Figure 3 Cs 2.2 Possibilities of mo
Page 292 and 293:
protonation of [3,3’-Co(1,2-C 2 B
Page 294 and 295:
Figure 8 F O PPh 2 F F F [3] - 6.1
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emarkable the Sr affinity of the fl
Page 299:
SESSION III PARTITIONING SUB-SESSIO
Page 302 and 303:
1. Introduction The present concept
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transuranics will be reduced to the
Page 306 and 307:
REFERENCE [1] A Roadmap for Develop
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1. Introduction Nuclear waste, espe
Page 310 and 311:
Figure 1. Experimental flame fluori
Page 312 and 313:
5. Laboratory research on electrose
Page 315 and 316:
DEMONSTRATION OF PYROMETALLURGICAL
Page 317 and 318:
Figure 1. Experimental test plan of
Page 319 and 320:
Figure 3. Electrorefiner installed
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Figure 6. Recovered Cd-Pu ingot and
Page 323 and 324:
The separation factor (SF(M)) of me
Page 325:
[9] T. Inoue, M. Kurata, L. Koch, J
Page 328 and 329:
1. Introduction Metallic fuel cycle
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The electrorefining apparatus and t
Page 332 and 333:
3.1 Time course of LCC potential an
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3.2 Plutonium concentration depende
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crystallized phase in high density.
Page 338 and 339:
Figure 10. Concept of Pu activity c
Page 340 and 341:
REFERENCES [1] Y.I. Chang, The Inte
Page 343:
SESSION IV BASIC PHYSICS, MATERIALS
Page 347 and 348:
NUCLEAR DATA MEASUREMENTS FOR P&T A
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order to determine σ 0 and I 0 , a
Page 351 and 352:
3.2 Prompt γ-ray spectroscopy For
Page 353 and 354:
REFERENCES [1] H. Harada, H. Watana
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NEW DATA AND MONTE CARLO SIMULATION
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2. General considerations on spalla
Page 359 and 360:
Figure 3. Average neutron multiplic
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4.1 Measurement of residue producti
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Figure 7. Isotopic production cross
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formalism while fission can be desc
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THE MUSE EXPERIMENTS FOR SUB-CRITIC
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The experimental programmes allow t
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The GENEPI accelerator is mainly co
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also experimentally determined usin
Page 375 and 376:
REFERENCES [1] M. Salvatores, M. Ma
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Figure 3. XY loading (at the core m
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OECD/NEA BENCHMARK CALCULATIONS FOR
Page 381 and 382:
The choice of adopting the ALMR ref
Page 383 and 384:
2.1 One-group microscopic cross-sec
Page 385 and 386:
2.2 k eff at beginning of life and
Page 387 and 388:
The burn-up reactivity drop values,
Page 389 and 390:
Figure 7. Axial flux distribution i
Page 391 and 392:
composition at the end of irradiati
Page 393:
REFERENCES [1] OECD/NEA NSC Task Fo
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STAINLESS STEEL CORROSION IN LEAD-B
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Table 1. Specimens were inserted an
Page 401 and 402:
thermocouples placed in the hot zon
Page 403 and 404:
Figure 6. Auger depth profile conce
Page 405 and 406:
chromium concentration values are l
Page 407 and 408:
For high oxygen activity, alloys wi
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6. Conclusions The results obtained
Page 411 and 412:
ACCUMULATION OF ACTIVATION PRODUCTS
Page 413 and 414:
An important radionuclide determini
Page 415 and 416:
Nuclide Table 4. Nuclide concentrat
Page 417 and 418:
THERMAL AND STRESS ANALYSIS OF HYPE
Page 419 and 420:
The target Pb-Bi is coming from the
Page 421 and 422:
Figure 4. Temperature and velocity
Page 423 and 424:
Figure 6. Target geometry for 3-D c
Page 425:
SESSION IV BASIC PHYSICS, MATERIALS
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1. Introduction Various fuel cycle
Page 430 and 431:
quantities of lanthanide/actinide a
Page 432 and 433:
Figure 4. Densification of MgAl 2 O
Page 434 and 435:
REFERENCES [1] R.J.M. Konings and J
Page 436 and 437:
1. Introduction It is a hard challe
Page 438 and 439:
When recycling Pu but not the minor
Page 440 and 441:
A priori, actinide targets could be
Page 442 and 443:
The deliberate insertion of Am in t
Page 444 and 445:
REFERENCES [1] Th. Maldague et al.,
Page 446 and 447:
1. Introduction The partitioning an
Page 448 and 449:
1 723, 1 823 and 1 923 K in N 2 , N
Page 450 and 451:
A contrast result was also found fo
Page 452 and 453:
Cathodic current was also observed
Page 454 and 455:
On the other hand, the following eq
Page 456 and 457:
REFERENCES [1] Y. Suzuki, T. Ogawa,
Page 459 and 460:
TRANSMUTATION STUDIES IN FRANCE, R&
Page 461 and 462:
concepts for plutonium consumption
Page 463 and 464:
Table 2. Objectives for transmutati
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eing adjusted to take into account
Page 467 and 468:
6.2.1.4 ZrO 2 Due to its low heat c
Page 469 and 470:
Figure 3a. 3D idealised meshing of
Page 471 and 472:
of 5% [24]. The target irradiation
Page 473 and 474:
for the Cochix irradiation (optimis
Page 475 and 476:
• Their high minor actinides (Np,
Page 477 and 478:
REFERENCES [1] P. Bernard, B. Barr
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FISSION PRODUCT TARGET DESIGN FOR H
Page 481 and 482:
2. General description of the core
Page 483 and 484:
3. Basic characteristics of FP tran
Page 485 and 486:
Figure 6. FP target configuration a
Page 487:
Figure 7. Neutron energy spectrum f
Page 491 and 492:
SAFETY ANALYSIS OF NITRIDE FUELS IN
Page 493 and 494:
worth was calculated by removing al
Page 495 and 496:
component increases with pin pitch,
Page 497 and 498:
4. Conclusions Having calculated th
Page 499 and 500:
ASPECTS OF SEVERE ACCIDENTS IN TRAN
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direct cycle gas-cooled fast spectr
Page 503 and 504:
If an inlet blockage occurred in an
Page 505 and 506:
Another innovative approach is part
Page 507 and 508:
REFERENCES [1] US DOE, Generation I
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A SIMPLE MODEL TO EVALUATE THE NATU
Page 511 and 512:
That in steady state conditions bec
Page 513 and 514:
Moreover, the a leg of the assumed
Page 515 and 516:
2.4 The gravitational pull calculat
Page 517 and 518:
Figure 2. The natural convection im
Page 519 and 520:
REFERENCES [1] C. Rubbia et al., Co
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COMPARATIVE STUDY FOR MINOR ACTINID
Page 523 and 524:
nitride fuel, reflection effect of
Page 525 and 526:
Table 3. Core design parameters for
Page 527 and 528:
2.4 Comparison of neutron spectra T
Page 529 and 530:
The vertical and horizontal axes re
Page 531 and 532:
and adjoint flux. Relatively large
Page 533 and 534:
STUDY ON A LEAD-BISMUTH COOLED ACCE
Page 535 and 536:
Proton beam-trip analysis: In an AD
Page 537 and 538:
Figure 2. Temperature change in pri
Page 539 and 540:
4. Lead-bismuth technology Lead-bis
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Figure 4. Schematic cross-section o
Page 543 and 544:
TRANSURANICS ELIMINATION IN AN OPTI
Page 545 and 546:
Figure 2. Main actinides radiotoxic
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Table 1. Fuel composition Isotope D
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Table 3. Average microscopic cross-
Page 551 and 552:
Table 4. Residual fractions of the
Page 553 and 554:
number of C nuclei is near 2 400 ti
Page 555:
[12] Salvatores M., Spiro M., The I
Page 558 and 559:
1. Introduction Accelerator driven
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• The sub-critical nuclear core,
Page 562 and 563:
Figure 3. TRU elimination vs. irrad
Page 564 and 565:
Table 4. General characteristics of
Page 566 and 567:
[9] Rugama Y., Muñoz-Cobo J.L., Va
Page 568 and 569:
1. Introduction SCK•CEN, the Belg
Page 570 and 571:
to 40 to 70 MeV and a booster furth
Page 572 and 573:
2.4 Confinement building Parallel t
Page 574 and 575:
3.2 Spallation source The choice of
Page 576 and 577:
• Ente per le Nuove tecnologie, l
Page 579 and 580:
ADS: STATUS OF THE STUDIES PERFORME
Page 581 and 582:
There is no specific need at the fi
Page 583 and 584:
3.4 The primary coolant and the rea
Page 585 and 586:
these fluids and the insurance of n
Page 587 and 588:
• A solid fuel for the transmutat
Page 589 and 590:
its extended use will not become a
Page 591:
Figure 2. Experimental accelerator
Page 594 and 595:
1. Introduction Nuclear waste can b
Page 596 and 597:
Figure 1. Impact of removing & tran
Page 598 and 599:
epository due to corrosion of the c
Page 600 and 601:
Figure 4. Burn-up of plutonium usin
Page 602 and 603:
accelerator-driven sub-critical mod
Page 604 and 605:
characteristics of this direct (Bra
Page 606 and 607:
The plutonium and minor actinides a
Page 608 and 609:
investigated. Most of the fuel in t
Page 611:
POSTER SESSIONS 611
Page 615 and 616:
STUDIES ON BEHAVIOUR OF SELENIUM AN
Page 617 and 618:
2.2 Chemical speciation The oxidati
Page 619 and 620:
Figure 2. Isothermal equilibrium cu
Page 621 and 622:
Table 2. Influence of aqueous acid
Page 623 and 624:
Figure 7. Influence of HNO 3 concen
Page 625 and 626:
SOLUBILIZATION STUDIES OF RARE EART
Page 627 and 628:
2. Experiment details Cyclic voltam
Page 629 and 630:
Figure 2 (b). Comparison between th
Page 631 and 632:
Activity coefficients of MeCl 3 in
Page 633 and 634:
Table 2. Solubility products, pk s
Page 635 and 636:
the interactions Me-substrate and M
Page 637 and 638:
CALIX[6]ARENES FUNCTIONALISED WITH
Page 639 and 640:
These compounds were reacted with a
Page 641 and 642:
ACTINIDE(III)/LANTHANIDE(III) PARTI
Page 643 and 644:
2. Experimental 2.1 Synthesis and c
Page 645 and 646:
Figure 3. Americium(III) extraction
Page 647:
REFERENCES [1] OECD Nuclear Energy
Page 650 and 651:
1. Introduction Nano- and micropart
Page 652 and 653:
3. Selective removal of histidine-t
Page 654 and 655:
Scheme 6. Formation of the macrocyc
Page 656 and 657:
REFERENCES [1] M.D. Kaminski, and L
Page 659 and 660:
NEW EXTRACTANTS FOR PARTITIONING OF
Page 661 and 662:
of COSAN derivatives allowed for us
Page 663 and 664:
On the other hand, all the above an
Page 665 and 666:
All compounds presented above were
Page 667 and 668:
INFLUENCE OF INTERMEDIATE CHEMICAL
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3. Natural or slightly enriched ura
Page 671:
enrichment 1%, the burn-up grows 1.
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1. Introduction The final disposal
Page 676 and 677:
Table 3. Calculated and experimenta
Page 678 and 679:
Figure 2. General flow-sheet of Tot
Page 680 and 681:
[10] J. Wang, B. Liu, J. Chen, C. S
Page 683 and 684:
DESIGN AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE n
Page 685 and 686:
The realisation of the present desi
Page 687 and 688:
In the upper right corner of Figure
Page 689 and 690:
Figure 3. Top view of the area wher
Page 691 and 692:
y neutron reactions. The level reac
Page 693 and 694:
The geometry of the beam dump propo
Page 695:
REFERENCES [1] S. Abramovich et al.
Page 698 and 699:
1. Introduction At the dawn of XXI
Page 700 and 701:
The K parameter value, function of
Page 702 and 703:
3. Experimental results The detecto
Page 704 and 705:
Figure 7: Experimental (full line)
Page 706 and 707:
Figure 9. ENDF/B-VI and JEF2.2 simu
Page 708 and 709:
5. Conclusion The neutron capture c
Page 710 and 711:
1. Experimental set-up The charged
Page 712 and 713:
Figure 2. Preliminary results of do
Page 714 and 715:
REFERENCES [1] Alford W.P. and Spic
Page 716 and 717:
1. Introduction For many accelerato
Page 718 and 719:
eam dump. We observe that the major
Page 721 and 722:
INTERMEDIATE ENERGY NEUTRON-INDUCED
Page 723 and 724:
2. Up-to-date status of the (n,f) c
Page 725 and 726:
Figure 2. The 181 Ta(n,f), nat W(n,
Page 727 and 728:
obtained more recently. It is seen
Page 729 and 730:
REFERENCES [1] C. Rubbia, The Energ
Page 731:
[20] P. Staples, P.W. Lisowski, and
Page 734 and 735:
1. Introduction Nuclear fission of
Page 736 and 737:
3. Results and perspectives On the
Page 738 and 739:
Figure 4. Yields of U isotopes in t
Page 741 and 742:
NEUTRON RADIATIVE CAPTURE CROSS-SEC
Page 743 and 744:
15 µA. At the end of the proton be
Page 745 and 746:
conditions with the minimum thermal
Page 747 and 748:
only assumption of the code is that
Page 749 and 750:
4. Conclusions The values of the ne
Page 751 and 752:
DETERMINATION OF THE NEUTRON FISSIO
Page 753 and 754:
Therefore, the neutron induced fiss
Page 755 and 756:
Figure 2. Singles protons and deute
Page 757:
Following the procedure proposed by
Page 760 and 761:
1. Introduction The renewal interes
Page 762 and 763:
Figure 3. Schematic view of a teles
Page 764 and 765:
Figure 6. Calibration curves used f
Page 766 and 767:
Figure 9. Proton spectrum before an
Page 768 and 769:
this energy and the deuteron data o
Page 770 and 771:
absolute values of proton spectra.
Page 772 and 773:
1. Introduction The HINDAS project
Page 774 and 775:
calculated. Moreover, the optical p
Page 776 and 777:
Figure 2. The Berlin ball detector
Page 778 and 779:
Finally, a new experimental techniq
Page 780 and 781:
REFERENCES [1] S. Benck, I. Slypen,
Page 782 and 783:
1. Introduction In Korea, an accele
Page 784 and 785:
Figure 1. Configuration of the Pb-B
Page 786 and 787:
3. Numerical results The performanc
Page 788 and 789:
operation), respectively. This is b
Page 790 and 791:
790 Figure 6. Normalised radial pow
Page 792 and 793:
REFERENCES [1] W.S. Part et al., HY
Page 795 and 796:
MA AND LLFP TRANSMUTATION IN MTRs A
Page 797 and 798:
70 MW. The beryllium matrix has 79
Page 799 and 800:
Table 1. Neutronic design parameter
Page 801 and 802:
Table 3. Target-volume-averaged dir
Page 803 and 804:
Only the fission process allows com
Page 805 and 806:
amounts of MAs. In addition, one sh
Page 807:
[9] E. Malambu, Progress Report on
Page 810 and 811:
1. Introduction In the last years t
Page 812 and 813:
4. Core with zirconium hydride in f
Page 814 and 815:
Figure1. Reference reactor core Fig
Page 816 and 817:
Table 4. Comparison of burn-up para
Page 818 and 819:
8. Power distribution in the refere
Page 820 and 821:
where P r is the reactor power, I p
Page 823 and 824:
REMARKS ON KINETICS PARAMETERS OF A
Page 825 and 826:
2. Sub-critical multiplication The
Page 827 and 828:
Figure 2. Radial flux distribution
Page 829 and 830:
Using such a traditional expression
Page 831 and 832:
NOISE METHOD FOR MONITORING THE SUB
Page 833 and 834:
And the descriptor used in noise an
Page 835 and 836:
Figure 1. Amplitude versus frequenc
Page 837 and 838:
As suggested by Uhrig [6], a method
Page 839:
observed that the precision of the
Page 842 and 843:
1. Introduction Last years importan
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eaches about 0.5% mole at a tempera
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3.2 Precipitation of oxides Althoug
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potentials that must be maintained
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Based on experimental data received
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COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE TRANS
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3.1 Reference configuration As in t
Page 857 and 858:
if they are distributed exactly as
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From the perspective of the whole d
Page 861 and 862:
Figure 5. Radial distribution of th
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Table 10. Transmutation rates (kg/T
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1. Introduction The concept of a hi
Page 868 and 869:
underground, the radiation field ge
Page 870 and 871:
REFERENCES [1] T. Iwamura et al., R
Page 872 and 873:
Figure 2. Layout of deep undergroun
Page 874 and 875:
1. Introduction The problem of the
Page 876 and 877:
The data presented show that the ra
Page 878 and 879:
1. Introduction The problem of the
Page 880 and 881:
Table 3. Decay heat power of actini
Page 882 and 883:
1. Scientific activity on ADS in wo
Page 884 and 885:
4. Possible technical tasks on crea
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ON NECESSITY OF CREATION OF ACCELER
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Table 2. Transmutation of 99 Tc wit
Page 891:
Another important problem concernin
Page 894 and 895:
1. Introduction During the last yea
Page 896 and 897:
Other original proposal of the indi
Page 898 and 899:
Other original offer about sectiona
Page 900 and 901:
concentration of lead in heavy wate
Page 902 and 903:
[5] Kolesov V.P., Gughovski B.Ya.,
Page 905 and 906:
CONDITIONS OF PLUTONIUM, AMERICIUM
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The further increase after 500 days
Page 909 and 910:
decrease. Total actinide amount muc
Page 911 and 912:
DEMONSTRATION ACCELERATOR DRIVEN CO
Page 913 and 914:
Thus, stable nuclides will be forme
Page 915:
Table 4. Characteristics of linac w
Page 918 and 919:
1. Introduction Nuclear waste radio
Page 920 and 921:
Figure 1. Lengthwise section view o
Page 922 and 923:
Scenario S0. This is our reference
Page 924 and 925:
Scenario 3 shows that mixing of was
Page 926 and 927:
REFERENCES [1] International GT-MHR
Page 929 and 930:
THE USE OF PB-BI EUTECTIC AS THE CO
Page 931 and 932:
P d T = 6.0E+07, time at reactor fu
Page 933 and 934:
The partial differential equations
Page 935 and 936:
Figure 5. Core and heat exchanger p
Page 937 and 938:
with the STAR-CD results is still t
Page 939 and 940:
ONE WAY TO CREATE PROLIFERATION-PRO
Page 941 and 942:
By supposing that FA manufacturing
Page 943 and 944:
exponentially reduces with rather l
Page 945 and 946:
Thus, 232 U generation by only one
Page 947 and 948:
TRANSMUTATION OF LONG-LIVED NUCLIDE
Page 949 and 950:
In the existing open fuel cycle, in
Page 951 and 952:
then include 31% of Np, 66% of Am a
Page 953 and 954:
Let us discuss the radiation balanc
Page 955 and 956:
Higher requirements for the cleanin
Page 957 and 958:
RW disposal is multibarrier configu
Page 960 and 961:
ALSO AVAILABLE ECONOMIC AND TECHNIC
Page 962:
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