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TRANSURANICS TRANSMUTATION ON FERTILE AND INERT MATRIX LEAD-BISMUTH COOLED ADS E. González, M. Embid-Segura, A. Pérez-Parra CIEMAT Av. Complutense, 22, 28040 Madrid (Spain) E-mail: enrique.gonzalez@ciemat.es Abstract Different strategies for the back-end of the nuclear waste are explored, including different strategies of ADS application to nuclear waste transmutation. In this paper the results of the detailed simulation studies of ADS systems, both with fertile (Th) and inert (Zr compounds) matrix fuels, but always with lead-bismuth coolant will be presented. In addition, several options are considered for the plutonium isotopes: direct burning in ADS together with the minor actinides, a separate partial burning in MOX LWR before its load to the ADS and intermediate solutions. Depending on the case, the studies are performed from two perspectives: the situation of the equilibrium of the fuel cycle and the approach to the equilibrium from the actual LWR discharge composition. 207
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Nuclear Development ACTINIDE AND FI
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FOREWORD The objective of the OECD/
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword ........
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY More than 160 par
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identified. In the fuel area, labor
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17:20-19:05 Session III: Partitioni
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Poster sessions Poster session: Par
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WELCOME ADDRESS Lucila Izquierdo Ge
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WELCOME ADDRESS Michel Hugon Co-ord
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WELCOME ADDRESS Philippe Savelli De
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developments. This will surely beco
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use of FBRs for transmutation toget
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view, i.e. better use of uranium an
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W. Forsberg proposes to reduce the
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1. From the open fuel cycle to the
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Figures 2 and 3 show the radiotoxic
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Denoting the transuranic (TRU) or m
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or, in terms of the fuel burn-up an
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quantities of LWR-MOX and FR-MOX wi
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view of the historic development, t
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Table 5. Assumptions for transmutat
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separating troublesome fission prod
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REFERENCES [1] L.H. Baetslé, Ch. D
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SESSION III Partitioning Chairs: J.
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OVERVIEW OF THE HYDROMETALLURGICAL
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2.1.3 Consequences Owing to the fac
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The extraction and separation mecha
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extractant was observed. As a conse
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2.3.2 Examples of strategies and
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3. Conclusions and perspectives 3.1
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SESSION IV Basic Physics, Materials
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TRANSMUTATION: A DECADE OF REVIVAL
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2.1 The IFR concept and the homogen
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2.3 Dedicated systems Making again
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compound “macro-dispersed” in M
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Figure 3. Sketch of ADS, liquid met
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3.3.2.1 The MEGAPIE project [40] ME
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3.3.2.2 The MUSE experiments The MU
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Figure 8. Comparison of the neutron
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Figure 9. Scenarios at equilibrium
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goals in this field. Since once-thr
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• The use of Thorium in PWRs alwa
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• Understanding of the role of AD
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[17] Y. Arai, T. Ogawa, Research on
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SESSION V Transmutation Systems and
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1. Introduction The term ADS compre
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• Safety should be “designed in
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3. Minor actinide and/or transurani
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Table 2. Values of Dj (neutron cons
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Table 4. Delayed neutron fraction I
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Figure 4. η (Neutrons released per
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Table 5. ADS Distinguishing feature
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While a favourable ADS safety featu
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Optimised mixes of MA and Pu can be
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Moreover, the fuel is where neutron
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REFERENCES [1] L. Van den Durpel et
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[19] D.C. Wade and E. Fujita, Trend
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POSTER SESSION Basic Physics: Nucle
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To conclude, this poster session in
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Five other papers related to ADS co
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SESSION I OVERVIEW OF NATIONAL AND
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1. Current activities for radioacti
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3.2 Results to date and analyses of
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3.2.5.2 JNC JNC is considering the
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4.6 Short-term increase in radiatio
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Annex 1 R&D scheme for partitioning
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Annex 3 Members of the Advisory Com
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plutonium can be recycled in pressu
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choices and the implementation of m
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1. Introduction Since the 5th Infor
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strata” approach which would invo
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IAEA ACTIVITIES IN THE AREA OF EMER
Page 155 and 156: actually started to do so) because
Page 157 and 158: establishment of an international R
Page 159 and 160: The accelerator driven transmutatio
Page 161 and 162: substantiate this recommendation, s
Page 163 and 164: current, advanced and innovative nu
Page 165 and 166: ACCELERATOR DRIVEN SUB-CRITICAL SYS
Page 167 and 168: demonstration of feasibility of a E
Page 169 and 170: An extended “skeleton” for ADS
Page 171 and 172: • Fertile support (uranium) is no
Page 173: 7. Conclusions The TWG under the ch
Page 176 and 177: 1. Introduction The priorities for
Page 178 and 179: In the EURATOM Fourth Framework Pro
Page 180 and 181: Table 2. Cluster on transmutation-t
Page 182 and 183: 6. Community research for the perio
Page 184 and 185: REFERENCES [1] “Council Decision
Page 186 and 187: 1. Introduction Back in 1989, the O
Page 188 and 189: would need the continuation of tech
Page 190 and 191: individual isotopes as a function o
Page 192 and 193: Therefore, while there is continuin
Page 194 and 195: [9] OECD/NEA, Overview of Physics A
Page 197 and 198: RECENT TOPICS IN R&D FOR THE OMEGA
Page 199 and 200: Figure 1. Partitioning and transmut
Page 201 and 202: The present 4-GPP necessitates a pr
Page 203 and 204: 5. Concluding remarks In 1999, the
Page 205: REFERENCES [1] T. Mukaiyama, T. Tak
Page 209 and 210: eserved for control bars, shutdown
Page 211 and 212: Figure 2. Fuel cycle assumed in the
Page 213 and 214: Reprocessing losses both from the L
Page 215 and 216: Figure 7: Evolution of k eff of an
Page 217 and 218: allow to operate for more than 1 20
Page 219 and 220: ACTINIDE AND FISSION PRODUCT BURNIN
Page 221 and 222: volume fractions in a wide range co
Page 223 and 224: equires irradiation times beyond 10
Page 225 and 226: The dependencies presented allow ma
Page 227 and 228: Table 3. Different isotope contribu
Page 229 and 230: Thus, the introduction of an absorb
Page 231 and 232: Table 9. 107 Pd transmutation effic
Page 233 and 234: Table 12. 135 Cs transmutation effi
Page 235: REFERENCES [1] M. Salvatores, I. Sl
Page 238 and 239: 1. Introduction Under the provision
Page 240 and 241: PWR MIX (MOX with enriched uranium)
Page 242 and 243: Figure 2. Reduction of potential ra
Page 244 and 245: REFERENCES [1] Stratégie et progra
Page 246 and 247: 1. Introduction Repository design a
Page 248 and 249: − − − Waste volume. The quant
Page 250 and 251: underground in salt domes. The HHRs
Page 252 and 253: quantity of waste, radionuclide rel
Page 254 and 255: [7] J.J. Cohen, A.E. Lewis and R.L.
Page 256 and 257:
1. Introduction On 30 December 1991
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Once heated, the salt is entrained
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The salt processing unit includes t
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The volume of salt in the fertile a
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Figure 5. Core mass balance for 0.5
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• As we saw earlier, it offers
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SESSION III PARTITIONING SUB-SESSIO
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1. Introduction There is no doubt t
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to be much more ionic than is the c
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Figure 3. One method of the synthes
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REFERENCES [1] Gabriel Y.S. Chan, M
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1. Introduction Radioactive by-prod
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Figure 3. Flowsheet for the hot exp
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Figure 6. Aqueous profiles of fissi
Page 286 and 287:
REFERENCES [1] Z. Kolarik, U. Müll
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1. Introduction Nuclear waste repro
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Figure 3 Cs 2.2 Possibilities of mo
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protonation of [3,3’-Co(1,2-C 2 B
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Figure 8 F O PPh 2 F F F [3] - 6.1
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emarkable the Sr affinity of the fl
Page 299:
SESSION III PARTITIONING SUB-SESSIO
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1. Introduction The present concept
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transuranics will be reduced to the
Page 306 and 307:
REFERENCE [1] A Roadmap for Develop
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1. Introduction Nuclear waste, espe
Page 310 and 311:
Figure 1. Experimental flame fluori
Page 312 and 313:
5. Laboratory research on electrose
Page 315 and 316:
DEMONSTRATION OF PYROMETALLURGICAL
Page 317 and 318:
Figure 1. Experimental test plan of
Page 319 and 320:
Figure 3. Electrorefiner installed
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Figure 6. Recovered Cd-Pu ingot and
Page 323 and 324:
The separation factor (SF(M)) of me
Page 325:
[9] T. Inoue, M. Kurata, L. Koch, J
Page 328 and 329:
1. Introduction Metallic fuel cycle
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The electrorefining apparatus and t
Page 332 and 333:
3.1 Time course of LCC potential an
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3.2 Plutonium concentration depende
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crystallized phase in high density.
Page 338 and 339:
Figure 10. Concept of Pu activity c
Page 340 and 341:
REFERENCES [1] Y.I. Chang, The Inte
Page 343:
SESSION IV BASIC PHYSICS, MATERIALS
Page 347 and 348:
NUCLEAR DATA MEASUREMENTS FOR P&T A
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order to determine σ 0 and I 0 , a
Page 351 and 352:
3.2 Prompt γ-ray spectroscopy For
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REFERENCES [1] H. Harada, H. Watana
Page 355 and 356:
NEW DATA AND MONTE CARLO SIMULATION
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2. General considerations on spalla
Page 359 and 360:
Figure 3. Average neutron multiplic
Page 361 and 362:
4.1 Measurement of residue producti
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Figure 7. Isotopic production cross
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formalism while fission can be desc
Page 367 and 368:
THE MUSE EXPERIMENTS FOR SUB-CRITIC
Page 369 and 370:
The experimental programmes allow t
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The GENEPI accelerator is mainly co
Page 373 and 374:
also experimentally determined usin
Page 375 and 376:
REFERENCES [1] M. Salvatores, M. Ma
Page 377 and 378:
Figure 3. XY loading (at the core m
Page 379 and 380:
OECD/NEA BENCHMARK CALCULATIONS FOR
Page 381 and 382:
The choice of adopting the ALMR ref
Page 383 and 384:
2.1 One-group microscopic cross-sec
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2.2 k eff at beginning of life and
Page 387 and 388:
The burn-up reactivity drop values,
Page 389 and 390:
Figure 7. Axial flux distribution i
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composition at the end of irradiati
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REFERENCES [1] OECD/NEA NSC Task Fo
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STAINLESS STEEL CORROSION IN LEAD-B
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Table 1. Specimens were inserted an
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thermocouples placed in the hot zon
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Figure 6. Auger depth profile conce
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chromium concentration values are l
Page 407 and 408:
For high oxygen activity, alloys wi
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6. Conclusions The results obtained
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ACCUMULATION OF ACTIVATION PRODUCTS
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An important radionuclide determini
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Nuclide Table 4. Nuclide concentrat
Page 417 and 418:
THERMAL AND STRESS ANALYSIS OF HYPE
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The target Pb-Bi is coming from the
Page 421 and 422:
Figure 4. Temperature and velocity
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Figure 6. Target geometry for 3-D c
Page 425:
SESSION IV BASIC PHYSICS, MATERIALS
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1. Introduction Various fuel cycle
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quantities of lanthanide/actinide a
Page 432 and 433:
Figure 4. Densification of MgAl 2 O
Page 434 and 435:
REFERENCES [1] R.J.M. Konings and J
Page 436 and 437:
1. Introduction It is a hard challe
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When recycling Pu but not the minor
Page 440 and 441:
A priori, actinide targets could be
Page 442 and 443:
The deliberate insertion of Am in t
Page 444 and 445:
REFERENCES [1] Th. Maldague et al.,
Page 446 and 447:
1. Introduction The partitioning an
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1 723, 1 823 and 1 923 K in N 2 , N
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A contrast result was also found fo
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Cathodic current was also observed
Page 454 and 455:
On the other hand, the following eq
Page 456 and 457:
REFERENCES [1] Y. Suzuki, T. Ogawa,
Page 459 and 460:
TRANSMUTATION STUDIES IN FRANCE, R&
Page 461 and 462:
concepts for plutonium consumption
Page 463 and 464:
Table 2. Objectives for transmutati
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eing adjusted to take into account
Page 467 and 468:
6.2.1.4 ZrO 2 Due to its low heat c
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Figure 3a. 3D idealised meshing of
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of 5% [24]. The target irradiation
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for the Cochix irradiation (optimis
Page 475 and 476:
• Their high minor actinides (Np,
Page 477 and 478:
REFERENCES [1] P. Bernard, B. Barr
Page 479 and 480:
FISSION PRODUCT TARGET DESIGN FOR H
Page 481 and 482:
2. General description of the core
Page 483 and 484:
3. Basic characteristics of FP tran
Page 485 and 486:
Figure 6. FP target configuration a
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Figure 7. Neutron energy spectrum f
Page 491 and 492:
SAFETY ANALYSIS OF NITRIDE FUELS IN
Page 493 and 494:
worth was calculated by removing al
Page 495 and 496:
component increases with pin pitch,
Page 497 and 498:
4. Conclusions Having calculated th
Page 499 and 500:
ASPECTS OF SEVERE ACCIDENTS IN TRAN
Page 501 and 502:
direct cycle gas-cooled fast spectr
Page 503 and 504:
If an inlet blockage occurred in an
Page 505 and 506:
Another innovative approach is part
Page 507 and 508:
REFERENCES [1] US DOE, Generation I
Page 509 and 510:
A SIMPLE MODEL TO EVALUATE THE NATU
Page 511 and 512:
That in steady state conditions bec
Page 513 and 514:
Moreover, the a leg of the assumed
Page 515 and 516:
2.4 The gravitational pull calculat
Page 517 and 518:
Figure 2. The natural convection im
Page 519 and 520:
REFERENCES [1] C. Rubbia et al., Co
Page 521 and 522:
COMPARATIVE STUDY FOR MINOR ACTINID
Page 523 and 524:
nitride fuel, reflection effect of
Page 525 and 526:
Table 3. Core design parameters for
Page 527 and 528:
2.4 Comparison of neutron spectra T
Page 529 and 530:
The vertical and horizontal axes re
Page 531 and 532:
and adjoint flux. Relatively large
Page 533 and 534:
STUDY ON A LEAD-BISMUTH COOLED ACCE
Page 535 and 536:
Proton beam-trip analysis: In an AD
Page 537 and 538:
Figure 2. Temperature change in pri
Page 539 and 540:
4. Lead-bismuth technology Lead-bis
Page 541 and 542:
Figure 4. Schematic cross-section o
Page 543 and 544:
TRANSURANICS ELIMINATION IN AN OPTI
Page 545 and 546:
Figure 2. Main actinides radiotoxic
Page 547 and 548:
Table 1. Fuel composition Isotope D
Page 549 and 550:
Table 3. Average microscopic cross-
Page 551 and 552:
Table 4. Residual fractions of the
Page 553 and 554:
number of C nuclei is near 2 400 ti
Page 555:
[12] Salvatores M., Spiro M., The I
Page 558 and 559:
1. Introduction Accelerator driven
Page 560 and 561:
• The sub-critical nuclear core,
Page 562 and 563:
Figure 3. TRU elimination vs. irrad
Page 564 and 565:
Table 4. General characteristics of
Page 566 and 567:
[9] Rugama Y., Muñoz-Cobo J.L., Va
Page 568 and 569:
1. Introduction SCK•CEN, the Belg
Page 570 and 571:
to 40 to 70 MeV and a booster furth
Page 572 and 573:
2.4 Confinement building Parallel t
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3.2 Spallation source The choice of
Page 576 and 577:
• Ente per le Nuove tecnologie, l
Page 579 and 580:
ADS: STATUS OF THE STUDIES PERFORME
Page 581 and 582:
There is no specific need at the fi
Page 583 and 584:
3.4 The primary coolant and the rea
Page 585 and 586:
these fluids and the insurance of n
Page 587 and 588:
• A solid fuel for the transmutat
Page 589 and 590:
its extended use will not become a
Page 591:
Figure 2. Experimental accelerator
Page 594 and 595:
1. Introduction Nuclear waste can b
Page 596 and 597:
Figure 1. Impact of removing & tran
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epository due to corrosion of the c
Page 600 and 601:
Figure 4. Burn-up of plutonium usin
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accelerator-driven sub-critical mod
Page 604 and 605:
characteristics of this direct (Bra
Page 606 and 607:
The plutonium and minor actinides a
Page 608 and 609:
investigated. Most of the fuel in t
Page 611:
POSTER SESSIONS 611
Page 615 and 616:
STUDIES ON BEHAVIOUR OF SELENIUM AN
Page 617 and 618:
2.2 Chemical speciation The oxidati
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Figure 2. Isothermal equilibrium cu
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Table 2. Influence of aqueous acid
Page 623 and 624:
Figure 7. Influence of HNO 3 concen
Page 625 and 626:
SOLUBILIZATION STUDIES OF RARE EART
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2. Experiment details Cyclic voltam
Page 629 and 630:
Figure 2 (b). Comparison between th
Page 631 and 632:
Activity coefficients of MeCl 3 in
Page 633 and 634:
Table 2. Solubility products, pk s
Page 635 and 636:
the interactions Me-substrate and M
Page 637 and 638:
CALIX[6]ARENES FUNCTIONALISED WITH
Page 639 and 640:
These compounds were reacted with a
Page 641 and 642:
ACTINIDE(III)/LANTHANIDE(III) PARTI
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2. Experimental 2.1 Synthesis and c
Page 645 and 646:
Figure 3. Americium(III) extraction
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REFERENCES [1] OECD Nuclear Energy
Page 650 and 651:
1. Introduction Nano- and micropart
Page 652 and 653:
3. Selective removal of histidine-t
Page 654 and 655:
Scheme 6. Formation of the macrocyc
Page 656 and 657:
REFERENCES [1] M.D. Kaminski, and L
Page 659 and 660:
NEW EXTRACTANTS FOR PARTITIONING OF
Page 661 and 662:
of COSAN derivatives allowed for us
Page 663 and 664:
On the other hand, all the above an
Page 665 and 666:
All compounds presented above were
Page 667 and 668:
INFLUENCE OF INTERMEDIATE CHEMICAL
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3. Natural or slightly enriched ura
Page 671:
enrichment 1%, the burn-up grows 1.
Page 674 and 675:
1. Introduction The final disposal
Page 676 and 677:
Table 3. Calculated and experimenta
Page 678 and 679:
Figure 2. General flow-sheet of Tot
Page 680 and 681:
[10] J. Wang, B. Liu, J. Chen, C. S
Page 683 and 684:
DESIGN AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE n
Page 685 and 686:
The realisation of the present desi
Page 687 and 688:
In the upper right corner of Figure
Page 689 and 690:
Figure 3. Top view of the area wher
Page 691 and 692:
y neutron reactions. The level reac
Page 693 and 694:
The geometry of the beam dump propo
Page 695:
REFERENCES [1] S. Abramovich et al.
Page 698 and 699:
1. Introduction At the dawn of XXI
Page 700 and 701:
The K parameter value, function of
Page 702 and 703:
3. Experimental results The detecto
Page 704 and 705:
Figure 7: Experimental (full line)
Page 706 and 707:
Figure 9. ENDF/B-VI and JEF2.2 simu
Page 708 and 709:
5. Conclusion The neutron capture c
Page 710 and 711:
1. Experimental set-up The charged
Page 712 and 713:
Figure 2. Preliminary results of do
Page 714 and 715:
REFERENCES [1] Alford W.P. and Spic
Page 716 and 717:
1. Introduction For many accelerato
Page 718 and 719:
eam dump. We observe that the major
Page 721 and 722:
INTERMEDIATE ENERGY NEUTRON-INDUCED
Page 723 and 724:
2. Up-to-date status of the (n,f) c
Page 725 and 726:
Figure 2. The 181 Ta(n,f), nat W(n,
Page 727 and 728:
obtained more recently. It is seen
Page 729 and 730:
REFERENCES [1] C. Rubbia, The Energ
Page 731:
[20] P. Staples, P.W. Lisowski, and
Page 734 and 735:
1. Introduction Nuclear fission of
Page 736 and 737:
3. Results and perspectives On the
Page 738 and 739:
Figure 4. Yields of U isotopes in t
Page 741 and 742:
NEUTRON RADIATIVE CAPTURE CROSS-SEC
Page 743 and 744:
15 µA. At the end of the proton be
Page 745 and 746:
conditions with the minimum thermal
Page 747 and 748:
only assumption of the code is that
Page 749 and 750:
4. Conclusions The values of the ne
Page 751 and 752:
DETERMINATION OF THE NEUTRON FISSIO
Page 753 and 754:
Therefore, the neutron induced fiss
Page 755 and 756:
Figure 2. Singles protons and deute
Page 757:
Following the procedure proposed by
Page 760 and 761:
1. Introduction The renewal interes
Page 762 and 763:
Figure 3. Schematic view of a teles
Page 764 and 765:
Figure 6. Calibration curves used f
Page 766 and 767:
Figure 9. Proton spectrum before an
Page 768 and 769:
this energy and the deuteron data o
Page 770 and 771:
absolute values of proton spectra.
Page 772 and 773:
1. Introduction The HINDAS project
Page 774 and 775:
calculated. Moreover, the optical p
Page 776 and 777:
Figure 2. The Berlin ball detector
Page 778 and 779:
Finally, a new experimental techniq
Page 780 and 781:
REFERENCES [1] S. Benck, I. Slypen,
Page 782 and 783:
1. Introduction In Korea, an accele
Page 784 and 785:
Figure 1. Configuration of the Pb-B
Page 786 and 787:
3. Numerical results The performanc
Page 788 and 789:
operation), respectively. This is b
Page 790 and 791:
790 Figure 6. Normalised radial pow
Page 792 and 793:
REFERENCES [1] W.S. Part et al., HY
Page 795 and 796:
MA AND LLFP TRANSMUTATION IN MTRs A
Page 797 and 798:
70 MW. The beryllium matrix has 79
Page 799 and 800:
Table 1. Neutronic design parameter
Page 801 and 802:
Table 3. Target-volume-averaged dir
Page 803 and 804:
Only the fission process allows com
Page 805 and 806:
amounts of MAs. In addition, one sh
Page 807:
[9] E. Malambu, Progress Report on
Page 810 and 811:
1. Introduction In the last years t
Page 812 and 813:
4. Core with zirconium hydride in f
Page 814 and 815:
Figure1. Reference reactor core Fig
Page 816 and 817:
Table 4. Comparison of burn-up para
Page 818 and 819:
8. Power distribution in the refere
Page 820 and 821:
where P r is the reactor power, I p
Page 823 and 824:
REMARKS ON KINETICS PARAMETERS OF A
Page 825 and 826:
2. Sub-critical multiplication The
Page 827 and 828:
Figure 2. Radial flux distribution
Page 829 and 830:
Using such a traditional expression
Page 831 and 832:
NOISE METHOD FOR MONITORING THE SUB
Page 833 and 834:
And the descriptor used in noise an
Page 835 and 836:
Figure 1. Amplitude versus frequenc
Page 837 and 838:
As suggested by Uhrig [6], a method
Page 839:
observed that the precision of the
Page 842 and 843:
1. Introduction Last years importan
Page 844 and 845:
eaches about 0.5% mole at a tempera
Page 846 and 847:
3.2 Precipitation of oxides Althoug
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potentials that must be maintained
Page 850 and 851:
Based on experimental data received
Page 853 and 854:
COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE TRANS
Page 855 and 856:
3.1 Reference configuration As in t
Page 857 and 858:
if they are distributed exactly as
Page 859 and 860:
From the perspective of the whole d
Page 861 and 862:
Figure 5. Radial distribution of th
Page 863:
Table 10. Transmutation rates (kg/T
Page 866 and 867:
1. Introduction The concept of a hi
Page 868 and 869:
underground, the radiation field ge
Page 870 and 871:
REFERENCES [1] T. Iwamura et al., R
Page 872 and 873:
Figure 2. Layout of deep undergroun
Page 874 and 875:
1. Introduction The problem of the
Page 876 and 877:
The data presented show that the ra
Page 878 and 879:
1. Introduction The problem of the
Page 880 and 881:
Table 3. Decay heat power of actini
Page 882 and 883:
1. Scientific activity on ADS in wo
Page 884 and 885:
4. Possible technical tasks on crea
Page 887 and 888:
ON NECESSITY OF CREATION OF ACCELER
Page 889 and 890:
Table 2. Transmutation of 99 Tc wit
Page 891:
Another important problem concernin
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1. Introduction During the last yea
Page 896 and 897:
Other original proposal of the indi
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Other original offer about sectiona
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concentration of lead in heavy wate
Page 902 and 903:
[5] Kolesov V.P., Gughovski B.Ya.,
Page 905 and 906:
CONDITIONS OF PLUTONIUM, AMERICIUM
Page 907 and 908:
The further increase after 500 days
Page 909 and 910:
decrease. Total actinide amount muc
Page 911 and 912:
DEMONSTRATION ACCELERATOR DRIVEN CO
Page 913 and 914:
Thus, stable nuclides will be forme
Page 915:
Table 4. Characteristics of linac w
Page 918 and 919:
1. Introduction Nuclear waste radio
Page 920 and 921:
Figure 1. Lengthwise section view o
Page 922 and 923:
Scenario S0. This is our reference
Page 924 and 925:
Scenario 3 shows that mixing of was
Page 926 and 927:
REFERENCES [1] International GT-MHR
Page 929 and 930:
THE USE OF PB-BI EUTECTIC AS THE CO
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P d T = 6.0E+07, time at reactor fu
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The partial differential equations
Page 935 and 936:
Figure 5. Core and heat exchanger p
Page 937 and 938:
with the STAR-CD results is still t
Page 939 and 940:
ONE WAY TO CREATE PROLIFERATION-PRO
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By supposing that FA manufacturing
Page 943 and 944:
exponentially reduces with rather l
Page 945 and 946:
Thus, 232 U generation by only one
Page 947 and 948:
TRANSMUTATION OF LONG-LIVED NUCLIDE
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In the existing open fuel cycle, in
Page 951 and 952:
then include 31% of Np, 66% of Am a
Page 953 and 954:
Let us discuss the radiation balanc
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Higher requirements for the cleanin
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RW disposal is multibarrier configu
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ALSO AVAILABLE ECONOMIC AND TECHNIC
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OECD PUBLICATIONS, 2 rue André-Pas
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