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Figure 4. Synthesis of amides 11-15 O O OR HN R 2 R 1 t-Bu t-Bu O O NHBu HN R 2 R 1 t-Bu t-Bu OMe OMe OMe 6: R=Me, R 1 =R 2 =H 7: R=R 1 =Et, R 2 =H 8: R=Me, R 1 =R 2 =Et t-Bu O HN O OR R 1 R 2 3 2 i) i) OMe OMe OMe 2 11: R 1 =R 2 =H (65%) 12: R 1 =Et, R 2 =H (82%) 13: R 1 =R 2 =Et (85%) O NHBu O R 2 t-Bu HN R 1 i) NH 2 Bu/∆ OMe OMe 9: R=Me, R 1 =R 2 =H 10: R=R 1 =Et, R 2 =H OMe OMe 14: R 1 =R 2 =H (70%) 15: R 1 =Et, R 2 =H (32%) 3 These compounds are currently being tested in lanthanide-actinide extraction. Acknowledgements The work presented in this paper was supported by the Comunidad Autonoma de Madrid and by the European Union (contract F14W6CT 960022). REFERENCES [1] a) G.Y.S. Chan, M.C.B. Drew, M.J. Hudson, P.B. Iveson, J.O. Liljenzin, M. Skalberg, L. Spjuth, C. Madic, Solvent Extraction of Metal Ions From Nitric Acid Solution Using N,N´-substituted Malonamides. Experimental and Crystallographic Evidence for Two Mechanism of Extraction, Metal Complexation and Ion-pair Formation, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1997, 649-660. b) P.B. Iveson, M.G.B. Drew, M.J. Hudson, C. Madic, Structural Studies of Lanthanide Complexes With New Hydrophobic Malonamide Solvent Extraction Agents, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1999, 3605-3610. [2] C.D. Gutsche, B. Dhawan, M. Leonis, D. Steward, p-tert-butyl Calix[6]arene, Organic Synthesis, 1989, 238. [3] A. Casnati, L. Domiano, A. Pochini, R. Ungaro, M. Carramolino, J.O. Magrans, P.M. Nieto, J. Lopéz-Prados, P. Prados, J. de Mendoza, R.G. Janssen, W. Verboom, D.N. Reinhoudt, Synthesis of Calix[6]arenes Partially Functionalised at the Upper Rim, Tetrahedron, 1995, 51, 12699-12720. 640
ACTINIDE(III)/LANTHANIDE(III) PARTITIONING USING n-Pr-BTP AS EXTRACTANT: EXTRACTION KINETICS AND EXTRACTION TEST IN A HOLLOW FIBER MODULE Andreas Geist, Michael Weigl, Udo Müllich, Klaus Gompper Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, Institut für Nukleare Entsorgung POB 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany E-mail: geist@ine.fzk.de Abstract 2,6-di(5,6-dipropyl-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)pyridine (n-Pr-BTP), first developed in our laboratory, is a very promising extractant for the effective separation of actinides(III) from lanthanides(III). It is able to extract actinides(III) with usable distribution coefficient from 1-2 molar nitric acid selectively over lanthanides(III). The Am(III)/Eu(III) separation factor is approx. 135. The performance of this extractant is further elucidated by kinetic investigations and a counter-current extraction experiment in a hollow fiber module (HFM). The kinetic investigations were performed in a stirred cell. The fact that extraction rate is independent of stirring speed reveals a slow chemical complexation reaction. The HFM extraction test on americium(III)/fission lanthanides(III) separation showed good hydrodynamic behavior. Depending on aqueous flow rate, which was varied, up to 94% americium could be removed from the feed phase. Lanthanide co-extraction was in the range of 1%. 641
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Nuclear Development ACTINIDE AND FI
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FOREWORD The objective of the OECD/
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword ........
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY More than 160 par
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identified. In the fuel area, labor
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17:20-19:05 Session III: Partitioni
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Poster sessions Poster session: Par
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WELCOME ADDRESS Lucila Izquierdo Ge
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WELCOME ADDRESS Michel Hugon Co-ord
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WELCOME ADDRESS Philippe Savelli De
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developments. This will surely beco
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use of FBRs for transmutation toget
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view, i.e. better use of uranium an
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W. Forsberg proposes to reduce the
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1. From the open fuel cycle to the
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Figures 2 and 3 show the radiotoxic
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Denoting the transuranic (TRU) or m
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or, in terms of the fuel burn-up an
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quantities of LWR-MOX and FR-MOX wi
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view of the historic development, t
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Table 5. Assumptions for transmutat
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separating troublesome fission prod
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REFERENCES [1] L.H. Baetslé, Ch. D
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SESSION III Partitioning Chairs: J.
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OVERVIEW OF THE HYDROMETALLURGICAL
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2.1.3 Consequences Owing to the fac
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The extraction and separation mecha
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extractant was observed. As a conse
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2.3.2 Examples of strategies and
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3. Conclusions and perspectives 3.1
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SESSION IV Basic Physics, Materials
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TRANSMUTATION: A DECADE OF REVIVAL
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2.1 The IFR concept and the homogen
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2.3 Dedicated systems Making again
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compound “macro-dispersed” in M
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Figure 3. Sketch of ADS, liquid met
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3.3.2.1 The MEGAPIE project [40] ME
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3.3.2.2 The MUSE experiments The MU
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Figure 8. Comparison of the neutron
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Figure 9. Scenarios at equilibrium
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goals in this field. Since once-thr
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• The use of Thorium in PWRs alwa
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• Understanding of the role of AD
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[17] Y. Arai, T. Ogawa, Research on
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SESSION V Transmutation Systems and
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1. Introduction The term ADS compre
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• Safety should be “designed in
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3. Minor actinide and/or transurani
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Table 2. Values of Dj (neutron cons
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Table 4. Delayed neutron fraction I
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Figure 4. η (Neutrons released per
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Table 5. ADS Distinguishing feature
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While a favourable ADS safety featu
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Optimised mixes of MA and Pu can be
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Moreover, the fuel is where neutron
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REFERENCES [1] L. Van den Durpel et
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[19] D.C. Wade and E. Fujita, Trend
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POSTER SESSION Basic Physics: Nucle
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To conclude, this poster session in
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Five other papers related to ADS co
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SESSION I OVERVIEW OF NATIONAL AND
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1. Current activities for radioacti
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3.2 Results to date and analyses of
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3.2.5.2 JNC JNC is considering the
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4.6 Short-term increase in radiatio
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Annex 1 R&D scheme for partitioning
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Annex 3 Members of the Advisory Com
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plutonium can be recycled in pressu
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choices and the implementation of m
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1. Introduction Since the 5th Infor
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strata” approach which would invo
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IAEA ACTIVITIES IN THE AREA OF EMER
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actually started to do so) because
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establishment of an international R
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The accelerator driven transmutatio
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substantiate this recommendation, s
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current, advanced and innovative nu
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ACCELERATOR DRIVEN SUB-CRITICAL SYS
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demonstration of feasibility of a E
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An extended “skeleton” for ADS
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• Fertile support (uranium) is no
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7. Conclusions The TWG under the ch
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1. Introduction The priorities for
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In the EURATOM Fourth Framework Pro
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Table 2. Cluster on transmutation-t
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6. Community research for the perio
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REFERENCES [1] “Council Decision
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1. Introduction Back in 1989, the O
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would need the continuation of tech
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individual isotopes as a function o
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Therefore, while there is continuin
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[9] OECD/NEA, Overview of Physics A
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RECENT TOPICS IN R&D FOR THE OMEGA
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Figure 1. Partitioning and transmut
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The present 4-GPP necessitates a pr
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5. Concluding remarks In 1999, the
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REFERENCES [1] T. Mukaiyama, T. Tak
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1. Introduction CIEMAT is actively
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adiotoxicity to be managed could al
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Figure 3. Mass composition of the d
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Figure 6. Fuel cycle assumed in the
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the 4 batches scheme, allowing to a
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Figure 11. Transmutation efficiency
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1. Introduction Spent fuels of mode
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Figure 3. A change in radiotoxicity
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These dependencies are shown on Fig
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When increasing the moderator fract
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Even greater power increases are ob
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The effect of a moderator volume fr
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Table 11. Different isotopes contri
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Thus the transmutation of such FPs
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ASSESSMENT OF NUCLEAR POWER SCENARI
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elease probabilities. The time dist
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Table 2. Annual heavy nuclide contr
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Figure 3. Reduction of potential ra
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DISPOSAL OF PARTITIONING-TRANSMUTAT
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Figure 2. Decay heat from SNF 2000
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Figure 3. Shorter-lived HHR reposit
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4. Management of low-heat, long-liv
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isotope from other caesium isotopes
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THE AMSTER CONCEPT J. Vergnes 1 , D
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Figure 1. Layout diagram of the mol
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Table 1. Definition of configuratio
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We therefore adopted a partial purg
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conceivable. Thus by increasing the
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6. R&D needed to validate the AMSTE
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SESSION III PARTITIONING J.P. Glatz
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PARTITIONING-SEPARATION OF METAL IO
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The terpyridyl reagent (ligand L 1
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Figure 2. The synthesis of ADTPTZ a
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2.4 Implications for partitioning T
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SEPARATION OF MINOR ACTINIDES FROM
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installed in a hot cell. The feed w
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the concentrations of U, Pu and Np
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Table 2 shows the recovery in the r
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PARTITIONING ANIONIC AGENTS BASED O
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which of these, the Co 3+ , Fe 3+ a
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This dianionic species must be extr
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Figure 6 Ph 2 P acetone PPh 2 H2 O
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Figure 9 H 3 C RO(CH 2 )n CH 3 (CH
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[7] J. Rais and P. Selucky, Nucleon
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PYROCHEMICAL PROCESSING OF IRRADIAT
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The metallic cadmium product of the
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Figure 2. Schematic flow-sheet for
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R&D OF PYROCHEMICAL PARTITIONING IN
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(first of all pumps) for fluoride m
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4. Research on material and equipme
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REFERENCES [1] Uhlir J., Pyrochemic
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1. Introduction The increasing inte
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Figure 2. Stainless steel box with
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Figure 4. U deposit on solid cathod
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Figure 7. Schematic flow of the cou
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actinide elements from spent (metal
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DEVELOPMENT OF PLUTONIUM RECOVERY P
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uranium dendrite and that uranium c
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Table 1. Conditions and results of
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Cathode potential went down to -1.6
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Figure 6. Change of LCC potential i
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Figure 9. Relation between Pu conce
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consideration described in the prec
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[13] Y. Arai, S. Fukushima, K. Shio
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SESSION IV BASIC PHYSICS, MATERIALS
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1. Introduction The reduction of th
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agrees ours within limits of errors
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Figure 1. Thermal neutron capture c
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[18] A.P. Baerg, R.M. Bartholomew,
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1. Introduction Nowadays it is well
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In order to describe the inter-nucl
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kind of measurements allow to chara
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Figure 6. Two-dimensional cluster p
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Figure 8. Excitation functions for
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REFERENCES [1] D. Ridikas, thesis,
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1. Introduction Since 1991, the Com
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Experimental reactivity control tec
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Table 2. Neutron intensities Target
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experimental channels (horizontal a
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376
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Table 3. Planned experimental progr
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1. Introduction and benchmark speci
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neutrons. Since the neutron flux is
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Figure 2. Microscopic capture cross
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Figure 4. k eff variation in the st
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2.4 Neutron flux distribution One r
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etween the highest and the lowest v
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The isotope specific β eff values
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SESSION IV BASIC PHYSICS, MATERIALS
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1. Introduction Due to its excellen
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Figure 2. Tests scheme 0 340 h. 1 0
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Figure 4. Auger depth profile conce
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Figure 8. Auger depth profile conce
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deposited at the cold zone, and the
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inner layer grows inward from the o
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[8] V.M. Fedirko, O.I. Eliseeva, V.
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1. Introduction One of the main par
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3. Tantalum target irradiation The
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At 10-MeV neutron irradiation, radi
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1. Introduction HYPER (HYbrid Power
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this study, we used an orthogonal c
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Figure 5. Temperature distribution
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Figure 7. Thermal stress distributi
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FUEL/TARGET CONCEPTS FOR TRANSMUTAT
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(U 0.55 Pu 0.4 Np 0.05 )O 2 fuels w
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Figure 3. Left: Ceramograph of a (Z
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Figure 6. Left: ceramograph of a(Zr
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AMERICIUM TARGETS IN FAST REACTORS
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The reference case for all comparis
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It should be underlined that this c
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Cases Table 3. Heterogeneous recycl
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• A later step could be to add Cm
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RESEARCH ON NITRIDE FUEL AND PYROCH
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temperature for (Cm,Pu)N followed t
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Figure 1. Temperature dependence of
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The difference of two fuel pins exi
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In addition to the voltammetric stu
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2 wt% of Pu at 773 K. For the momen
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[13] M. Akabori, M. Takano, A. Itoh
Page 460 and 461:
1. Introduction For the management
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The scientific feasibility of pluto
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Another option using a basis of sta
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6.2.1 Inert matrices 6.2.1.1 MgAl 2
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eached respectively 38.5% and 70% F
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Figure 4. Experiments for MA transm
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Figure 5a. Ecrix B rig Figure 5b. E
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A CEA/Minatom work programme is und
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9.3 Programme for dedicated fuels F
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[14] R.J.M. Konings et al., The EFT
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1. Introduction An accelerator driv
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corresponding Pb-Bi velocity is 1.1
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the fission product target. The rod
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fuel rods are at the TRU assembly t
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SESSION V TRANSMUTATION SYSTEMS AND
Page 492 and 493:
1. Introduction Since the 50s, nitr
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A three dimensional model of a sub-
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Figure 4. Change in k-eigenvalue fo
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[4] Y. Arai et al., Experimental Re
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Nomenclature ADS: ATW: GT-MHR: LOF:
Page 502 and 503:
Regarding switching off the beam, o
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Figure 3. Beam blocking 10 min (200
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Figure 7. A possible scenario for n
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[15] Greenspan E. et al., The Encap
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1. Introduction In the EADF design
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Equation (6) can be improved by con
Page 514 and 515:
where L is obtained by a summation
Page 516 and 517:
Figure 1. The natural convection im
Page 518 and 519:
Figure 4 shows the temperature tren
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[12] P.H. Wakker, Thermal Hydraulic
Page 522 and 523:
1. Introduction Research and develo
Page 524 and 525:
Table 2. Core design parameters for
Page 526 and 527:
2.2 Representation of MA transmutat
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Figure 1(b) shows the cases for the
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It is found that the higher MA tran
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REFERENCES [1] T. Ikegami, H. Hayas
Page 534 and 535:
1. Introduction The management of t
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Table 1. Core performance of MA and
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Figure 3. Nuclear electricity capac
Page 540 and 541:
Table 3. Experimental items at PEF
Page 542 and 543:
REFERENCES [1] Takano H., Akie H.,
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1. Introduction and background The
Page 546 and 547:
neutron source, the reactor can mai
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atoms. For fuel region Rf = 2.5 cm,
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Figure 3. Neutron flux spectra for
Page 552 and 553:
A possible way to maintain the k ef
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higher than 99% of 239 Pu, and high
Page 557 and 558:
TRANSMUTATION OF NUCLEAR WASTES WIT
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Figure 1. PBT conceptual view Table
Page 561 and 562:
very tight holders for fission frag
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5. Cooling system A preliminary des
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spectral densities [10,11] and can
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MYRRHA, A MULTI-PURPOSE ADS FOR R&D
Page 569 and 570:
hexagonal assemblies of 122 mm plat
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to achieve the requested performanc
Page 573 and 574:
3 MYRRHA associated R&D programme F
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collaboration with Forschungszentru
Page 577:
• Industrial partners, in particu
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1. Introduction The transmutation o
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Existing accelerators have been des
Page 584 and 585:
suggested to look for an innovative
Page 586 and 587:
Table 1. Main lead-bismuth eutectic
Page 588 and 589:
4.3 The core The basic fuel sub-ass
Page 590 and 591: Figure 1. Experimental accelerator
Page 593 and 594: HELIUM-COOLED REACTOR TECHNOLOGIES
Page 595 and 596: of its potential use in nuclear wea
Page 597 and 598: Figure 2. Neutron flux distribution
Page 599 and 600: atio. Given this rate of destructio
Page 601 and 602: Figure 5. Irradiated TRISO particle
Page 603 and 604: in ceramic-coated microspheres of t
Page 605 and 606: (LOCA) event. The effect on this fe
Page 607 and 608: Figure 13. Elevation AD-FMHR The fa
Page 609: Deep burn-up of 239 Pu and fissiona
Page 613: POSTER SESSION PARTITIONING M.J. Hu
Page 616 and 617: 1. Introduction The study of the be
Page 618 and 619: Plutonium was simulated with the no
Page 620 and 621: The influence of uranium and pluton
Page 622 and 623: The influence of uranium and pluton
Page 624 and 625: REFERENCES [1] I.I. Nazarenko, A.M.
Page 626 and 627: 1. Introduction The long-term radio
Page 628 and 629: Ce Ce 3+ Cl - Cl 2 The voltammogram
Page 630 and 631: Figure 3. Chronopotentiograms for t
Page 632 and 633: Figure 4. Potentiometric titrations
Page 634 and 635: Experimental solubilization tests w
Page 636 and 637: [13] H. Flood T. Förland and K. Mo
Page 638 and 639: 1. Introduction The separation of l
Page 642 and 643: 1. Introduction Over the recent yea
Page 644 and 645: 2.3.2 Set-up We set up a single HFM
Page 646 and 647: lower flow rates, Am(III) would be
Page 649 and 650: THE POTENTIAL OF NANO- AND MICROPAR
Page 651 and 652: efficiently and stable. This can be
Page 653 and 654: Figure 1a. Zetapotential of NTA-mod
Page 655 and 656: Scheme 7. Magnetic silica particles
Page 657: [13] L.H. Delmau, N. Simon, M.J. Sc
Page 660 and 661: 1. Introduction 137 90 Extraction p
Page 662 and 663: Figure 3. Schematic drawing of the
Page 664 and 665: (24), 8-PhPO(OH)-O-COSAN (25), and
Page 666 and 667: REFERENCES [1] Kyrš M., +H PiQHN S
Page 668 and 669: 1. Introduction A heavy-water CANDU
Page 670 and 671: These data show that fuel lifetime
Page 673 and 674: RECENT PROGRESSES ON PARTITIONING S
Page 675 and 676: hot tests (See Table2) was enough f
Page 677 and 678: trace amount of Am and Eu. The HBTM
Page 679 and 680: 6. Conclusion Declassification of t
Page 681: POSTER SESSION BASIC PHYSICS: NUCLE
Page 684 and 685: 1. Introduction Among the large num
Page 686 and 687: The simulation of the spallation pr
Page 688 and 689: Table 1. Parameters of the two coll
Page 690 and 691:
Figure 4. Radial distribution of th
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6. The neutron escape line The comm
Page 694 and 695:
Figure 7. Neutron background at the
Page 697 and 698:
RECENT CAPTURE CROSS-SECTIONS VALID
Page 699 and 700:
Figure 1. The GENEPI accelerator an
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2.3.3 Neutron flux measurements •
Page 703 and 704:
Figure 6. Time spectrum of 3 He gas
Page 705 and 706:
4. Analysis 4.1 Background subtract
Page 707 and 708:
Figure 11. ENDF/B-VI, JEF2.2 and JE
Page 709 and 710:
DOUBLE DIFFERENTIAL CROSS-SECTION F
Page 711 and 712:
3. Conclusion Double differential c
Page 713 and 714:
Figure 3. Preliminary results of do
Page 715 and 716:
MEASUREMENTS OF PARTICULE EMISSION
Page 717 and 718:
2. Experimental set-up The experime
Page 719:
4. Results Figure 3 presents neutro
Page 722 and 723:
1. Introduction Intermediate-energy
Page 724 and 725:
Table 1. Relative neutron-induced c
Page 726 and 727:
elow about 70 MeV [24] , where σ n
Page 728 and 729:
Since for sub-actinides Γ f /Γ n
Page 730 and 731:
[10] V.P. Eismont, A.V. Prokofiev,
Page 733 and 734:
NUCLEON-INDUCED FISSION CROSS-SECTI
Page 735 and 736:
Figure 1. Scheme of the new code Z
Page 737 and 738:
Figure 3. Neutron-induced fission c
Page 739:
REFERENCES [1] J. Raynal, Proceedin
Page 742 and 743:
1. Introduction During the past few
Page 744 and 745:
(same surface and 0.5 mm thickness)
Page 746 and 747:
Figure 2. Dependence of the total a
Page 748 and 749:
Figure 3. Neutron radiative capture
Page 750 and 751:
[8] MCNP, A General Monte Carlo Cod
Page 752 and 753:
1. Introduction New reactors using
Page 754 and 755:
Figure 1. Excited states of 209 Bi
Page 756 and 757:
Figure 3. The fission probability o
Page 759 and 760:
MEASUREMENT OF DOUBLE DIFFERENTIAL
Page 761 and 762:
Figure 1. Global view of the experi
Page 763 and 764:
To get the proton (deuteron) energy
Page 765 and 766:
3.1 Corrections Several corrections
Page 767 and 768:
Figure 11. Active target fraction (
Page 769 and 770:
d 2 σ Figure 14. Proton for n + Pb
Page 771 and 772:
HIGH AND INTERMEDIATE ENERGY NUCLEA
Page 773 and 774:
eactions, since the pre-equilibrium
Page 775 and 776:
calculate the very short-lived radi
Page 777 and 778:
cross-sections; the secondary react
Page 779 and 780:
All possible nuclear reactions will
Page 781 and 782:
A STUDY ON BURNABLE ABSORBER FOR A
Page 783 and 784:
2. Burnable absorber for HYPER 2.1
Page 785 and 786:
Table 2. One-group effective cross-
Page 787 and 788:
of the core, is directly determined
Page 789 and 790:
Figure 4. Required proton beam curr
Page 791 and 792:
Figure 8. 10 B depletion in HYPER-H
Page 793:
POSTER SESSION TRANSMUTATION SYSTEM
Page 796 and 797:
1. Introduction In the framework of
Page 798 and 799:
Φ >1 MeV = 1.0 10 13 to 1.0 x 10 1
Page 800 and 801:
3. Irradiation targets and irradiat
Page 802 and 803:
e transmuted in BR2 hence remain va
Page 804 and 805:
Table 6. Atom percent concentration
Page 806 and 807:
advantage, with respect to FRs, of
Page 809 and 810:
ENHANCEMENT OF ACTINIDE INCINERATIO
Page 811 and 812:
Here Σ fC , ( E) are the fission a
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pellet and the steel cladding. In o
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Table 3.Neutronics parameters of hy
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Figure 3. Neutron spectra averaged
Page 819 and 820:
containing FA with B 4 C cladding i
Page 821:
REFERENCES [1] ANSALDO Technical Re
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1. Introduction At present, there a
Page 826 and 827:
target means a change in k and the
Page 828 and 829:
Following the normal procedure for
Page 830 and 831:
Acknowledgements This study has bee
Page 832 and 833:
1. ADS description A conceptual des
Page 834 and 835:
Substitution of (9) into (8), and u
Page 836 and 837:
With the coupling LAHET + MCNP-DSP,
Page 838 and 839:
Figure 3. Comparison for 1 and 5 pu
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MOLTEN SALTS AS POSSIBLE FUEL FLUID
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2. The fuel salt for MSB concept Ma
Page 845 and 846:
and minor actinides must be removed
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4. Container material studies 4.1 F
Page 849 and 850:
management. The major developments
Page 851:
REFERENCES [1] H.J. MacPherson, Dev
Page 854 and 855:
1. Introduction The Energy Amplifie
Page 856 and 857:
Table 1. Main parameters of the EAD
Page 858 and 859:
Table 5. Neutron balance in the who
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Table 7. Neutron flux distributions
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Table 8. Displacement rates DPA/yea
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DEEP UNDERGROUND TRANSMUTOR (PASSIV
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passive state. By operating at a hi
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I have proposed using an accelerato
Page 871 and 872:
Figure 1. Layout of deep undergroun
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RADIATION CHARACTERISTICS OF PWR MO
Page 875 and 876:
Table 1. Radiotoxicity of actinides
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RADIATION CHARACTERISTICS OF URANIU
Page 879 and 880:
Table 1. Radiotoxicity of actinides
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INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION ON CREAT
Page 883 and 884:
an international base to combine ef
Page 885:
• Second topic: interaction of pr
Page 888 and 889:
1. Introduction The role of acceler
Page 890 and 891:
MEPI within the framework of Projec
Page 893 and 894:
NEW ORIGINAL IDEAS ON ACCELERATOR D
Page 895 and 896:
During conceptual investigations of
Page 897 and 898:
delay, interface and computer. The
Page 899 and 900:
2. Channel-vessel design of ADS bla
Page 901 and 902:
Table 1. Characteristics of the ful
Page 903:
[14] Karavaev G.N., Kiselev G.V., M
Page 906 and 907:
1. Introduction The problem of nucl
Page 908 and 909:
Table 3. Radiotoxicity in americium
Page 910 and 911:
Table 5. Characteristics of station
Page 912 and 913:
1. Introduction The atomic power en
Page 914 and 915:
of lead-bismuth target are given in
Page 917 and 918:
CRITICAL AND SUB-CRITICAL GT-MHRs F
Page 919 and 920:
Table 1. Basic GT-MHR reactor param
Page 921 and 922:
Figure 2. Typical change of the ave
Page 923 and 924:
Scenario S4. This case is actually
Page 925 and 926:
Figure 3. A change in radiotoxicity
Page 927:
[13] P. Goberis, Modelling of Innov
Page 930 and 931:
1. Introduction The Nuclear Enginee
Page 932 and 933:
Some simplifications have been made
Page 934 and 935:
Figure 3. Velocity vectors Some of
Page 936 and 937:
Figure 6. Temperature evolution at
Page 938 and 939:
• Two main reasons can explain th
Page 940 and 941:
1. Introduction Actually, we notice
Page 942 and 943:
This problem can be solved by using
Page 944 and 945:
The evaluations obtained in [2] hav
Page 946 and 947:
REFERENCES [1] Management and Dispo
Page 948 and 949:
1. Background Radiation background
Page 950 and 951:
the long-term hazard of spent fuel,
Page 952 and 953:
In a transmutation fuel cycle inclu
Page 954 and 955:
Figure 4. Potential biological haza
Page 956 and 957:
cooling prior to SF reprocessing an
Page 958:
REFERENCES [1] White Book of Nuclea
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ORDER FORM OECD Nuclear Energy Agen
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