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investigated. Most of the fuel in this assembly would consist of minor actinides, which would allow the assembly to be fairly small. Sizes in the order of 60 to 100 MWt would be attractive. Fission products, such as 99 Tc and 129 I, could be placed in the outer blanket for transmutation. The energy in the hot helium exiting the fuel would be available to either generate steam or directly drive a gas turbine and generate electricity. The use of helium coolant in this accelerator-driven fast-spectrum sub-critical assembly offers important potential advantages, such as the following: • Potential use of coated fuel with its capability to 1) withstand higher temperatures than other fuels, 2) retain radionuclides in the event of accidents, and 3) provide an extra long-life barrier for the retention of radioactivity in the repository. • No metal-air or metal-water chemical reactions. • No generation of mixed waste coolant. • No leakage of highly toxic metal. • Potential elimination of high pressure steam generators by using a direct-cycle gas turbine. • Potentially harder neutron energy spectrum for more effective burning of actinides. • Much more viable in-service inspection. In the gas-cooled assembly, the integrity of the fuel, fuel supports, etc. is easily observable, which provides for greater safety assurance. Earlier analyses performed for the development of the GCFR showed that the natural circulation of helium would provide adequate passive cooling following a loss of forced circulation for reactor ratings up to 840 MWt. This capability needs to be explored beyond design basis events. 7. Conclusions Gas-cooled nuclear reactor technologies offer the potential to eliminate essentially all weaponsuseful material in nuclear waste, and achieve more than two orders of magnitude reduction in the amount of high-level waste. Repository heat loads and the toxicity of the waste are also significantly reduced. The process provides a durable transmuted waste form that is highly resistant to corrosion, without generating mixed waste. The process uses thermal and fast neutron energy spectra. 239 Pu and other fissionable materials have large fission cross-sections in the thermal spectrum. Thus, they are fissioned in a thermal fission region of the transmuter. Minor actinides are more inclined to fission in a fast neutron energy spectrum. Thus, they are fissioned in a fast fission region of the transmuter. The process has the potential to transmute about 75% of the waste in a nuclear critical mode. Then, use is made of a proton accelerator to generate spallation neutrons and drive the fission process in a sub-critical mode to deep levels of burn-up. Most importantly, these deep burn-up levels are achieved with no plutonium reprocessing. This is made possible by encapsulating the waste to be transmuted in ceramic-coated microspheres that accommodate large amounts of fission products in spherical expansion volumes. 608
Deep burn-up of 239 Pu and fissionable materials with no plutonium reprocessing, and the possible use of a fast neutron region within the thermal region in the transmuter, which precludes breeding, are important proliferation-resistance features of the proposed process. Preliminary calculations suggest that the unique reactivity and cooling safety features offered by gas-cooled nuclear reactors can also be implemented in the proposed transmuter. The use of a direct-cycle gas turbine-generator power conversion system with the proposed transmuter would lead to conversion efficiencies of approximately 47% when the transmuter is operating in the critical mode. This, along with the fact that the accelerator may only be needed for the 25% deep burn-up phase of the cycle, leads to a relatively high overall efficiency and low cost. Preliminary economic analyses suggest that the proposed transmutation process has the potential to be economically viable and attract investment for deployment. REFERENCES [1] D. Alberstein, A. Baxter, and W. Simon, The Plutonium Consumption Modular Helium Reactor, IAEA Technical Committee on Unconventional Options for Plutonium Disposition, November 1994, Obninsk, Russia. [2] Gas Turbine-Modular Helium Reactor (GT-MHR) Conceptual Design Description Report, General Atomics report 910720, Rev. 1, July 1966. [3] B. Carluec and P. Anzieu, Proposal for a Gas-cooled ADS Demonstrator, 3rd International Conference on Accelerator Driven Transmutation Technologies and Applications, Praha, Czech Republic, June 7-11, 1999. 609
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Nuclear Development ACTINIDE AND FI
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FOREWORD The objective of the OECD/
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword ........
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY More than 160 par
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identified. In the fuel area, labor
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17:20-19:05 Session III: Partitioni
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Poster sessions Poster session: Par
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WELCOME ADDRESS Lucila Izquierdo Ge
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WELCOME ADDRESS Michel Hugon Co-ord
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WELCOME ADDRESS Philippe Savelli De
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developments. This will surely beco
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use of FBRs for transmutation toget
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view, i.e. better use of uranium an
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W. Forsberg proposes to reduce the
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1. From the open fuel cycle to the
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Figures 2 and 3 show the radiotoxic
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Denoting the transuranic (TRU) or m
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or, in terms of the fuel burn-up an
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quantities of LWR-MOX and FR-MOX wi
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view of the historic development, t
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Table 5. Assumptions for transmutat
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separating troublesome fission prod
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REFERENCES [1] L.H. Baetslé, Ch. D
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SESSION III Partitioning Chairs: J.
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OVERVIEW OF THE HYDROMETALLURGICAL
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2.1.3 Consequences Owing to the fac
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The extraction and separation mecha
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extractant was observed. As a conse
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2.3.2 Examples of strategies and
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3. Conclusions and perspectives 3.1
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SESSION IV Basic Physics, Materials
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TRANSMUTATION: A DECADE OF REVIVAL
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2.1 The IFR concept and the homogen
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2.3 Dedicated systems Making again
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compound “macro-dispersed” in M
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Figure 3. Sketch of ADS, liquid met
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3.3.2.1 The MEGAPIE project [40] ME
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3.3.2.2 The MUSE experiments The MU
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Figure 8. Comparison of the neutron
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Figure 9. Scenarios at equilibrium
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goals in this field. Since once-thr
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• The use of Thorium in PWRs alwa
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• Understanding of the role of AD
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[17] Y. Arai, T. Ogawa, Research on
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SESSION V Transmutation Systems and
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1. Introduction The term ADS compre
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• Safety should be “designed in
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3. Minor actinide and/or transurani
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Table 2. Values of Dj (neutron cons
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Table 4. Delayed neutron fraction I
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Figure 4. η (Neutrons released per
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Table 5. ADS Distinguishing feature
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While a favourable ADS safety featu
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Optimised mixes of MA and Pu can be
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Moreover, the fuel is where neutron
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REFERENCES [1] L. Van den Durpel et
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[19] D.C. Wade and E. Fujita, Trend
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POSTER SESSION Basic Physics: Nucle
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To conclude, this poster session in
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Five other papers related to ADS co
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SESSION I OVERVIEW OF NATIONAL AND
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1. Current activities for radioacti
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3.2 Results to date and analyses of
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3.2.5.2 JNC JNC is considering the
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4.6 Short-term increase in radiatio
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Annex 1 R&D scheme for partitioning
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Annex 3 Members of the Advisory Com
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plutonium can be recycled in pressu
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choices and the implementation of m
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1. Introduction Since the 5th Infor
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strata” approach which would invo
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IAEA ACTIVITIES IN THE AREA OF EMER
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actually started to do so) because
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establishment of an international R
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The accelerator driven transmutatio
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substantiate this recommendation, s
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current, advanced and innovative nu
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ACCELERATOR DRIVEN SUB-CRITICAL SYS
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demonstration of feasibility of a E
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An extended “skeleton” for ADS
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• Fertile support (uranium) is no
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7. Conclusions The TWG under the ch
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1. Introduction The priorities for
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In the EURATOM Fourth Framework Pro
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Table 2. Cluster on transmutation-t
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6. Community research for the perio
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REFERENCES [1] “Council Decision
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1. Introduction Back in 1989, the O
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would need the continuation of tech
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individual isotopes as a function o
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Therefore, while there is continuin
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[9] OECD/NEA, Overview of Physics A
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RECENT TOPICS IN R&D FOR THE OMEGA
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Figure 1. Partitioning and transmut
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The present 4-GPP necessitates a pr
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5. Concluding remarks In 1999, the
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REFERENCES [1] T. Mukaiyama, T. Tak
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1. Introduction CIEMAT is actively
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adiotoxicity to be managed could al
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Figure 3. Mass composition of the d
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Figure 6. Fuel cycle assumed in the
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the 4 batches scheme, allowing to a
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Figure 11. Transmutation efficiency
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1. Introduction Spent fuels of mode
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Figure 3. A change in radiotoxicity
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These dependencies are shown on Fig
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When increasing the moderator fract
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Even greater power increases are ob
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The effect of a moderator volume fr
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Table 11. Different isotopes contri
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Thus the transmutation of such FPs
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ASSESSMENT OF NUCLEAR POWER SCENARI
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elease probabilities. The time dist
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Table 2. Annual heavy nuclide contr
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Figure 3. Reduction of potential ra
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DISPOSAL OF PARTITIONING-TRANSMUTAT
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Figure 2. Decay heat from SNF 2000
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Figure 3. Shorter-lived HHR reposit
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4. Management of low-heat, long-liv
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isotope from other caesium isotopes
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THE AMSTER CONCEPT J. Vergnes 1 , D
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Figure 1. Layout diagram of the mol
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Table 1. Definition of configuratio
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We therefore adopted a partial purg
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conceivable. Thus by increasing the
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6. R&D needed to validate the AMSTE
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SESSION III PARTITIONING J.P. Glatz
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PARTITIONING-SEPARATION OF METAL IO
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The terpyridyl reagent (ligand L 1
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Figure 2. The synthesis of ADTPTZ a
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2.4 Implications for partitioning T
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SEPARATION OF MINOR ACTINIDES FROM
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installed in a hot cell. The feed w
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the concentrations of U, Pu and Np
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Table 2 shows the recovery in the r
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PARTITIONING ANIONIC AGENTS BASED O
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which of these, the Co 3+ , Fe 3+ a
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This dianionic species must be extr
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Figure 6 Ph 2 P acetone PPh 2 H2 O
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Figure 9 H 3 C RO(CH 2 )n CH 3 (CH
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[7] J. Rais and P. Selucky, Nucleon
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PYROCHEMICAL PROCESSING OF IRRADIAT
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The metallic cadmium product of the
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Figure 2. Schematic flow-sheet for
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R&D OF PYROCHEMICAL PARTITIONING IN
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(first of all pumps) for fluoride m
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4. Research on material and equipme
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REFERENCES [1] Uhlir J., Pyrochemic
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1. Introduction The increasing inte
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Figure 2. Stainless steel box with
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Figure 4. U deposit on solid cathod
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Figure 7. Schematic flow of the cou
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actinide elements from spent (metal
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DEVELOPMENT OF PLUTONIUM RECOVERY P
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uranium dendrite and that uranium c
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Table 1. Conditions and results of
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Cathode potential went down to -1.6
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Figure 6. Change of LCC potential i
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Figure 9. Relation between Pu conce
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consideration described in the prec
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[13] Y. Arai, S. Fukushima, K. Shio
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SESSION IV BASIC PHYSICS, MATERIALS
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1. Introduction The reduction of th
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agrees ours within limits of errors
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Figure 1. Thermal neutron capture c
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[18] A.P. Baerg, R.M. Bartholomew,
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1. Introduction Nowadays it is well
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In order to describe the inter-nucl
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kind of measurements allow to chara
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Figure 6. Two-dimensional cluster p
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Figure 8. Excitation functions for
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REFERENCES [1] D. Ridikas, thesis,
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1. Introduction Since 1991, the Com
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Experimental reactivity control tec
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Table 2. Neutron intensities Target
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experimental channels (horizontal a
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376
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Table 3. Planned experimental progr
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1. Introduction and benchmark speci
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neutrons. Since the neutron flux is
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Figure 2. Microscopic capture cross
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Figure 4. k eff variation in the st
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2.4 Neutron flux distribution One r
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etween the highest and the lowest v
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The isotope specific β eff values
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SESSION IV BASIC PHYSICS, MATERIALS
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1. Introduction Due to its excellen
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Figure 2. Tests scheme 0 340 h. 1 0
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Figure 4. Auger depth profile conce
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Figure 8. Auger depth profile conce
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deposited at the cold zone, and the
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inner layer grows inward from the o
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[8] V.M. Fedirko, O.I. Eliseeva, V.
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1. Introduction One of the main par
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3. Tantalum target irradiation The
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At 10-MeV neutron irradiation, radi
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1. Introduction HYPER (HYbrid Power
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this study, we used an orthogonal c
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Figure 5. Temperature distribution
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Figure 7. Thermal stress distributi
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FUEL/TARGET CONCEPTS FOR TRANSMUTAT
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(U 0.55 Pu 0.4 Np 0.05 )O 2 fuels w
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Figure 3. Left: Ceramograph of a (Z
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Figure 6. Left: ceramograph of a(Zr
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AMERICIUM TARGETS IN FAST REACTORS
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The reference case for all comparis
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It should be underlined that this c
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Cases Table 3. Heterogeneous recycl
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• A later step could be to add Cm
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RESEARCH ON NITRIDE FUEL AND PYROCH
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temperature for (Cm,Pu)N followed t
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Figure 1. Temperature dependence of
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The difference of two fuel pins exi
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In addition to the voltammetric stu
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2 wt% of Pu at 773 K. For the momen
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[13] M. Akabori, M. Takano, A. Itoh
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1. Introduction For the management
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The scientific feasibility of pluto
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Another option using a basis of sta
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6.2.1 Inert matrices 6.2.1.1 MgAl 2
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eached respectively 38.5% and 70% F
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Figure 4. Experiments for MA transm
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Figure 5a. Ecrix B rig Figure 5b. E
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A CEA/Minatom work programme is und
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9.3 Programme for dedicated fuels F
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[14] R.J.M. Konings et al., The EFT
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1. Introduction An accelerator driv
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corresponding Pb-Bi velocity is 1.1
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the fission product target. The rod
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fuel rods are at the TRU assembly t
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SESSION V TRANSMUTATION SYSTEMS AND
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1. Introduction Since the 50s, nitr
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A three dimensional model of a sub-
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Figure 4. Change in k-eigenvalue fo
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[4] Y. Arai et al., Experimental Re
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Nomenclature ADS: ATW: GT-MHR: LOF:
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Regarding switching off the beam, o
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Figure 3. Beam blocking 10 min (200
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Figure 7. A possible scenario for n
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[15] Greenspan E. et al., The Encap
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1. Introduction In the EADF design
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Equation (6) can be improved by con
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where L is obtained by a summation
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Figure 1. The natural convection im
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Figure 4 shows the temperature tren
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[12] P.H. Wakker, Thermal Hydraulic
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1. Introduction Research and develo
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Table 2. Core design parameters for
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2.2 Representation of MA transmutat
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Figure 1(b) shows the cases for the
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It is found that the higher MA tran
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REFERENCES [1] T. Ikegami, H. Hayas
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1. Introduction The management of t
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Table 1. Core performance of MA and
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Figure 3. Nuclear electricity capac
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Table 3. Experimental items at PEF
Page 542 and 543:
REFERENCES [1] Takano H., Akie H.,
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1. Introduction and background The
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neutron source, the reactor can mai
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atoms. For fuel region Rf = 2.5 cm,
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Figure 3. Neutron flux spectra for
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A possible way to maintain the k ef
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higher than 99% of 239 Pu, and high
Page 557 and 558: TRANSMUTATION OF NUCLEAR WASTES WIT
Page 559 and 560: Figure 1. PBT conceptual view Table
Page 561 and 562: very tight holders for fission frag
Page 563 and 564: 5. Cooling system A preliminary des
Page 565 and 566: spectral densities [10,11] and can
Page 567 and 568: MYRRHA, A MULTI-PURPOSE ADS FOR R&D
Page 569 and 570: hexagonal assemblies of 122 mm plat
Page 571 and 572: to achieve the requested performanc
Page 573 and 574: 3 MYRRHA associated R&D programme F
Page 575 and 576: collaboration with Forschungszentru
Page 577: • Industrial partners, in particu
Page 580 and 581: 1. Introduction The transmutation o
Page 582 and 583: Existing accelerators have been des
Page 584 and 585: suggested to look for an innovative
Page 586 and 587: Table 1. Main lead-bismuth eutectic
Page 588 and 589: 4.3 The core The basic fuel sub-ass
Page 590 and 591: Figure 1. Experimental accelerator
Page 593 and 594: HELIUM-COOLED REACTOR TECHNOLOGIES
Page 595 and 596: of its potential use in nuclear wea
Page 597 and 598: Figure 2. Neutron flux distribution
Page 599 and 600: atio. Given this rate of destructio
Page 601 and 602: Figure 5. Irradiated TRISO particle
Page 603 and 604: in ceramic-coated microspheres of t
Page 605 and 606: (LOCA) event. The effect on this fe
Page 607: Figure 13. Elevation AD-FMHR The fa
Page 613: POSTER SESSION PARTITIONING M.J. Hu
Page 616 and 617: 1. Introduction The study of the be
Page 618 and 619: Plutonium was simulated with the no
Page 620 and 621: The influence of uranium and pluton
Page 622 and 623: The influence of uranium and pluton
Page 624 and 625: REFERENCES [1] I.I. Nazarenko, A.M.
Page 626 and 627: 1. Introduction The long-term radio
Page 628 and 629: Ce Ce 3+ Cl - Cl 2 The voltammogram
Page 630 and 631: Figure 3. Chronopotentiograms for t
Page 632 and 633: Figure 4. Potentiometric titrations
Page 634 and 635: Experimental solubilization tests w
Page 636 and 637: [13] H. Flood T. Förland and K. Mo
Page 638 and 639: 1. Introduction The separation of l
Page 640 and 641: Figure 4. Synthesis of amides 11-15
Page 642 and 643: 1. Introduction Over the recent yea
Page 644 and 645: 2.3.2 Set-up We set up a single HFM
Page 646 and 647: lower flow rates, Am(III) would be
Page 649 and 650: THE POTENTIAL OF NANO- AND MICROPAR
Page 651 and 652: efficiently and stable. This can be
Page 653 and 654: Figure 1a. Zetapotential of NTA-mod
Page 655 and 656: Scheme 7. Magnetic silica particles
Page 657: [13] L.H. Delmau, N. Simon, M.J. Sc
Page 660 and 661:
1. Introduction 137 90 Extraction p
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Figure 3. Schematic drawing of the
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(24), 8-PhPO(OH)-O-COSAN (25), and
Page 666 and 667:
REFERENCES [1] Kyrš M., +H PiQHN S
Page 668 and 669:
1. Introduction A heavy-water CANDU
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These data show that fuel lifetime
Page 673 and 674:
RECENT PROGRESSES ON PARTITIONING S
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hot tests (See Table2) was enough f
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trace amount of Am and Eu. The HBTM
Page 679 and 680:
6. Conclusion Declassification of t
Page 681:
POSTER SESSION BASIC PHYSICS: NUCLE
Page 684 and 685:
1. Introduction Among the large num
Page 686 and 687:
The simulation of the spallation pr
Page 688 and 689:
Table 1. Parameters of the two coll
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Figure 4. Radial distribution of th
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6. The neutron escape line The comm
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Figure 7. Neutron background at the
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RECENT CAPTURE CROSS-SECTIONS VALID
Page 699 and 700:
Figure 1. The GENEPI accelerator an
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2.3.3 Neutron flux measurements •
Page 703 and 704:
Figure 6. Time spectrum of 3 He gas
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4. Analysis 4.1 Background subtract
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Figure 11. ENDF/B-VI, JEF2.2 and JE
Page 709 and 710:
DOUBLE DIFFERENTIAL CROSS-SECTION F
Page 711 and 712:
3. Conclusion Double differential c
Page 713 and 714:
Figure 3. Preliminary results of do
Page 715 and 716:
MEASUREMENTS OF PARTICULE EMISSION
Page 717 and 718:
2. Experimental set-up The experime
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4. Results Figure 3 presents neutro
Page 722 and 723:
1. Introduction Intermediate-energy
Page 724 and 725:
Table 1. Relative neutron-induced c
Page 726 and 727:
elow about 70 MeV [24] , where σ n
Page 728 and 729:
Since for sub-actinides Γ f /Γ n
Page 730 and 731:
[10] V.P. Eismont, A.V. Prokofiev,
Page 733 and 734:
NUCLEON-INDUCED FISSION CROSS-SECTI
Page 735 and 736:
Figure 1. Scheme of the new code Z
Page 737 and 738:
Figure 3. Neutron-induced fission c
Page 739:
REFERENCES [1] J. Raynal, Proceedin
Page 742 and 743:
1. Introduction During the past few
Page 744 and 745:
(same surface and 0.5 mm thickness)
Page 746 and 747:
Figure 2. Dependence of the total a
Page 748 and 749:
Figure 3. Neutron radiative capture
Page 750 and 751:
[8] MCNP, A General Monte Carlo Cod
Page 752 and 753:
1. Introduction New reactors using
Page 754 and 755:
Figure 1. Excited states of 209 Bi
Page 756 and 757:
Figure 3. The fission probability o
Page 759 and 760:
MEASUREMENT OF DOUBLE DIFFERENTIAL
Page 761 and 762:
Figure 1. Global view of the experi
Page 763 and 764:
To get the proton (deuteron) energy
Page 765 and 766:
3.1 Corrections Several corrections
Page 767 and 768:
Figure 11. Active target fraction (
Page 769 and 770:
d 2 σ Figure 14. Proton for n + Pb
Page 771 and 772:
HIGH AND INTERMEDIATE ENERGY NUCLEA
Page 773 and 774:
eactions, since the pre-equilibrium
Page 775 and 776:
calculate the very short-lived radi
Page 777 and 778:
cross-sections; the secondary react
Page 779 and 780:
All possible nuclear reactions will
Page 781 and 782:
A STUDY ON BURNABLE ABSORBER FOR A
Page 783 and 784:
2. Burnable absorber for HYPER 2.1
Page 785 and 786:
Table 2. One-group effective cross-
Page 787 and 788:
of the core, is directly determined
Page 789 and 790:
Figure 4. Required proton beam curr
Page 791 and 792:
Figure 8. 10 B depletion in HYPER-H
Page 793:
POSTER SESSION TRANSMUTATION SYSTEM
Page 796 and 797:
1. Introduction In the framework of
Page 798 and 799:
Φ >1 MeV = 1.0 10 13 to 1.0 x 10 1
Page 800 and 801:
3. Irradiation targets and irradiat
Page 802 and 803:
e transmuted in BR2 hence remain va
Page 804 and 805:
Table 6. Atom percent concentration
Page 806 and 807:
advantage, with respect to FRs, of
Page 809 and 810:
ENHANCEMENT OF ACTINIDE INCINERATIO
Page 811 and 812:
Here Σ fC , ( E) are the fission a
Page 813 and 814:
pellet and the steel cladding. In o
Page 815 and 816:
Table 3.Neutronics parameters of hy
Page 817 and 818:
Figure 3. Neutron spectra averaged
Page 819 and 820:
containing FA with B 4 C cladding i
Page 821:
REFERENCES [1] ANSALDO Technical Re
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1. Introduction At present, there a
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target means a change in k and the
Page 828 and 829:
Following the normal procedure for
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Acknowledgements This study has bee
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1. ADS description A conceptual des
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Substitution of (9) into (8), and u
Page 836 and 837:
With the coupling LAHET + MCNP-DSP,
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Figure 3. Comparison for 1 and 5 pu
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MOLTEN SALTS AS POSSIBLE FUEL FLUID
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2. The fuel salt for MSB concept Ma
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and minor actinides must be removed
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4. Container material studies 4.1 F
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management. The major developments
Page 851:
REFERENCES [1] H.J. MacPherson, Dev
Page 854 and 855:
1. Introduction The Energy Amplifie
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Table 1. Main parameters of the EAD
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Table 5. Neutron balance in the who
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Table 7. Neutron flux distributions
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Table 8. Displacement rates DPA/yea
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DEEP UNDERGROUND TRANSMUTOR (PASSIV
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passive state. By operating at a hi
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I have proposed using an accelerato
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Figure 1. Layout of deep undergroun
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RADIATION CHARACTERISTICS OF PWR MO
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Table 1. Radiotoxicity of actinides
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RADIATION CHARACTERISTICS OF URANIU
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Table 1. Radiotoxicity of actinides
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INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION ON CREAT
Page 883 and 884:
an international base to combine ef
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• Second topic: interaction of pr
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1. Introduction The role of acceler
Page 890 and 891:
MEPI within the framework of Projec
Page 893 and 894:
NEW ORIGINAL IDEAS ON ACCELERATOR D
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During conceptual investigations of
Page 897 and 898:
delay, interface and computer. The
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2. Channel-vessel design of ADS bla
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Table 1. Characteristics of the ful
Page 903:
[14] Karavaev G.N., Kiselev G.V., M
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1. Introduction The problem of nucl
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Table 3. Radiotoxicity in americium
Page 910 and 911:
Table 5. Characteristics of station
Page 912 and 913:
1. Introduction The atomic power en
Page 914 and 915:
of lead-bismuth target are given in
Page 917 and 918:
CRITICAL AND SUB-CRITICAL GT-MHRs F
Page 919 and 920:
Table 1. Basic GT-MHR reactor param
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Figure 2. Typical change of the ave
Page 923 and 924:
Scenario S4. This case is actually
Page 925 and 926:
Figure 3. A change in radiotoxicity
Page 927:
[13] P. Goberis, Modelling of Innov
Page 930 and 931:
1. Introduction The Nuclear Enginee
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Some simplifications have been made
Page 934 and 935:
Figure 3. Velocity vectors Some of
Page 936 and 937:
Figure 6. Temperature evolution at
Page 938 and 939:
• Two main reasons can explain th
Page 940 and 941:
1. Introduction Actually, we notice
Page 942 and 943:
This problem can be solved by using
Page 944 and 945:
The evaluations obtained in [2] hav
Page 946 and 947:
REFERENCES [1] Management and Dispo
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1. Background Radiation background
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the long-term hazard of spent fuel,
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In a transmutation fuel cycle inclu
Page 954 and 955:
Figure 4. Potential biological haza
Page 956 and 957:
cooling prior to SF reprocessing an
Page 958:
REFERENCES [1] White Book of Nuclea
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ORDER FORM OECD Nuclear Energy Agen
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