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REFERENCES Agrawal, P. K., et al, “<strong>Seismic</strong> Response <strong>of</strong> Buried Pipes and Structural Components,” ASCE Committee on <strong>Seismic</strong> Analysis on Nuclear Structures and Materials, 1983. American Concrete Institute (ACI), Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete, ACI 318-89. American Association <strong>of</strong> State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Guide Specifications for <strong>Seismic</strong> <strong>Design</strong> <strong>of</strong> Highway Bridges, 1983 and 1991 Interim Report. Applied Technology Council (ATC), Tentative Provisions for the Development <strong>of</strong> <strong>Seismic</strong> Regulations for Buildings, ATC 3-06, 1978. Bolt, B. A., Earthquakes: A Primer, W. H. Freeman and Company, 1978. Buckle, I. G., Mayes, R. L., and Button, M. R., <strong>Seismic</strong> <strong>Design</strong> and Retr<strong>of</strong>it Manual for Highway Bridges, Prepared for Federal Highway Administration, FHWA-IP-87-6, 1987. Burns, J. Q., and Richard, R. M., “Attenuation <strong>of</strong> Stresses for Buried Cylinders,” Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the Symposium on Soil-Structure Interaction, Tempe, Univ. <strong>of</strong> Arizona, 1964. Central Artery/ Third Harbor Tunnel (CA/THT), “<strong>Seismic</strong> <strong>Design</strong> Criteria for Underground Structures,” 1990. Converse Consultants, “Seismological Investigation and <strong>Design</strong> Criteria,” prepared for Southern California Rapid Transit District, 1983. Dobry, R., Oweis, I., and Urzua, A., “Simplified Procedures for Estimating the Fundamental Period <strong>of</strong> a Soil Pr<strong>of</strong>ile,” Bulletin <strong>of</strong> the Seismological Society <strong>of</strong> America, Vol. 66, No. 4, 1976. Douglas, W. S., and Warshaw, R., “<strong>Design</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Seismic</strong> Joint for San Francisco Bay Tunnel,” Journal <strong>of</strong> the Structural Division, ASCE, Vol. 97, No. ST4, April 1971. Dowding, C. H., and Rozen, A., “Damage to Rock <strong>Tunnels</strong> from Earthquake Shaking,” Journal <strong>of</strong> the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 104, No. GT2, February 1978. 143
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1991 William Barclay Parsons Fellow
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CONTENTS Foreword ix 1.0 Introducti
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Mononobe-Okabe Method 87 Wood Metho
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Figure Title Page 20 Typical Free-F
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LIST OF TABLES Table Title Page 1 F
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FOREWORD For more than a century, P
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1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
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1.2 Scope of this Study The work pe
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Figure 1. Ground Response to Seismi
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Ground Failure Ground failure broad
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- Formation of plastic hinges at th
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• The effects of overburden depth
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2.0 SEISMIC DESIGN PHILOSOPHY FOR T
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2.3 Seismic Design Philosophies for
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2.4 Proposed Seismic Design Philoso
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expressed in terms of internal mome
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Comments on Loading Combinations fo
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3.0 RUNNING LINE TUNNEL DESIGN 3.1
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Ovaling or Racking Deformations The
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3.3 Free-Field Axial and Curvature
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Simplified Equations for Axial Stra
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3.4 Design Conforming to Free-Field
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Applicability of the Free-Field Def
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Figure 6. Sectional Forces Due to C
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- In the JSCE (Japanese Society of
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Design Example 2: A Linear Tunnel i
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5. Derive the ground displacement a
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10. Calculate the allowable shear s
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It is believed that the only transp
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Based on Equations 3-7 and 3-8, the
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4.0 OVALING EFFECT ON CIRCULAR TUNN
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Figure 7. Free-Field Shear Distorti
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Figure 8. Free-Field Shear Distorti
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R = radius of the tunnel lining t =
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Lining Properties Soil Properties R
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The expressions of these lining res
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Figure 11. Lining Response Coeffici
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Thrust Response Coefficient, K 2 Fi
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Thrust Response Coefficient, K 2 Fi
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Figure 15. Normalized Lining Deflec
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Figure 17. Finite Difference Mesh (
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Table 2. Cases Analyzed by Finite D
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maximum bending moment than the no-
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Table 3. Influence of Interface Con
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5.0 RACKING EFFECT ON RECTANGULAR T
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Third, typically soil is backfilled
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thrust that is approximately 1.5 to
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San Francisco BART In his pioneerin
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