Seismic Design of Tunnels - Parsons Brinckerhoff

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Duddeck, H. and Erdman, J., “Structural Design Models for Tunnels,” Tunneling ‘82, Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, London, 1982. East Bay Municipal Utility District, “Seismic Design Requirements,” Oakland, California, 1973. Einstein, H. H., and Schwartz, C. W., “Simplified Analysis for Tunnel Supports,” Journal of the Geotechnical Division, ASCE, Vol. 105, No. GT4, April 1979. Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua (FLAC), Itasca Consulting Group, Inc., 1989. Grant, W. P., and Brown Jr., F. R., “Dynamic Behavior of Soils from Field and Laboratory Tests,” Proceedings, International Conference on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics, Rolla, Univ. of Missouri, 1981. Hadjian, A. H., and Hadley, D. M., “Studies of Apprarent Seismic Wave Velocity,” Proceedings of International Conference on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics, St. Louis, 1981. Hetenyi, M., Beams on Elastic Foundation, The University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1976. Hoeg, K., “Stresses Against Underground Structural Cylinders,” Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundation Division, ASCE, Vol. 94, SM4, April 1968. Hwang, R. N., and Lysmer, J., “Response of Buried Structures to Traveling Waves,“ Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 107, No. GT2, February, 1981. Japanese Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE), “Specifications for Earthquake Resistant Design of Submerged Tunnels,” 1975. Kuribayshi, E., Iwasaki, T., and Kawashima, K., “Dynamic Behaviour of A Subsurface Tubular Structure,” Proceedings of 5th Symposium on Earthquake Engineering, India, 1974. Kuesel, T. R., “Earthquake Design Criteria for Subways,” Journal of the Structural Divisions, ASCE, Vol. 95, No. ST6, June 1969. LINOS — A Non-Linear Finite Element Program for Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, User’s Manual, by J. P. Bardet, Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 1991. 144
Lyons, A. C., “The Design and Development of Segmental Tunnel Linings in the U. K.,” Proceedings of the International Tunnel Symposium on Tunneling Under Difficult Conditions, Tokyo, 1978. Lysmer, J. et al, “FLUSH — A Computer Program for Approximate 3-D Analysis of Soil- Structure Interaction Problems,” EERC Report No. 75-30, Berkeley, Univ. of California, 1975. Mohraz, B., Hendron, A. J., Ranken, R. E., and Salem, M. H., “Liner-Medium Interaction in Tunnels,” Journal of the Construction Division, ASCE, Vol. 101, No. CO1, January 1975. Monsees, J. E., and Hansmire, W. H., “Civil Works Tunnels for Vehicles, Water, and Wastewater,” Chapter 24.1, SME Mining Engineering Handbook, 2nd Edition, 1992. Monsees, J. E., and Merritt, J. L., “Earthquake Considerations in Design of the Los Angeles Metro,” ASCE Conference on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering, 1991. Monsees, J. E., “Underground Seismic Design,” ASCE Structural Group Lecture Series, Boston Society of Civil Engineers Section, 1991. Mow, C. C., and Pao, Y. H., “The Diffraction of Elastic Waves and Dynamic Stress Concentrations,” R-482-PR, Report for the U.S. Air Force Project, The Rand Corp., 1971 Muir Wood, A. M., “The Circular Tunnel in Elastic Ground,” Geotechnique 25, No. 1, 1975. Nakamura, M., Katayama, T., and Kubo, K., “Quantitative Analysis of Observed Seismic Strains in Underground Structures,” Proceedings of Review Meeting of U.S.-Japan Cooperative Research on Seismic Risk Analysis and Its Application to Reliability-Based Design of Lifeline System, 1981. Newark, N. M., “Problems in Wave Propagation in Soil and Rock,” International Symposium on Wave Propagation and Dynamic Properties of Earth Materials, 1968. Nyman, D. J., et al, “Guidelines for the Seismic Design of Oil and Gas Pipeline Systems,” ASCE Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering, 1984. O’Rourke, T. D., “Guidelines for Tunnel Lining Design,” ASCE Technical Committee on Tunnel Lining Design of the Underground Technology Research Council, 1984. Owen, G. N., and Scholl, R. E., Earthquake Engineering of Large Underground Structures, prepared for the Federal Highway Administration, FHWA/RD-80/195, 1981. Paul, S.L., et al, Design Recommendations for Concrete Linings for Transportation 145
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1991 William Barclay Parsons Fellow
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CONTENTS Foreword ix 1.0 Introducti
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Mononobe-Okabe Method 87 Wood Metho
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Figure Title Page 20 Typical Free-F
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LIST OF TABLES Table Title Page 1 F
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FOREWORD For more than a century, P
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1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
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1.2 Scope of this Study The work pe
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Figure 1. Ground Response to Seismi
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Ground Failure Ground failure broad
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- Formation of plastic hinges at th
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• The effects of overburden depth
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2.0 SEISMIC DESIGN PHILOSOPHY FOR T
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2.3 Seismic Design Philosophies for
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2.4 Proposed Seismic Design Philoso
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expressed in terms of internal mome
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Comments on Loading Combinations fo
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3.0 RUNNING LINE TUNNEL DESIGN 3.1
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Ovaling or Racking Deformations The
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3.3 Free-Field Axial and Curvature
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Simplified Equations for Axial Stra
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3.4 Design Conforming to Free-Field
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Applicability of the Free-Field Def
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Figure 6. Sectional Forces Due to C
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- In the JSCE (Japanese Society of
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Design Example 2: A Linear Tunnel i
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5. Derive the ground displacement a
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10. Calculate the allowable shear s
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It is believed that the only transp
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Based on Equations 3-7 and 3-8, the
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4.0 OVALING EFFECT ON CIRCULAR TUNN
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Figure 7. Free-Field Shear Distorti
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Figure 8. Free-Field Shear Distorti
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R = radius of the tunnel lining t =
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Lining Properties Soil Properties R
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The expressions of these lining res
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Figure 11. Lining Response Coeffici
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Thrust Response Coefficient, K 2 Fi
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Thrust Response Coefficient, K 2 Fi
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Figure 15. Normalized Lining Deflec
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Figure 17. Finite Difference Mesh (
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Table 2. Cases Analyzed by Finite D
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maximum bending moment than the no-
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Table 3. Influence of Interface Con
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5.0 RACKING EFFECT ON RECTANGULAR T
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Third, typically soil is backfilled
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thrust that is approximately 1.5 to
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San Francisco BART In his pioneerin
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general, flexibility can be achieve
Page 106 and 107: • 254 ft/sec for case I • 415 f
Page 108 and 109: locations of roof and invert are ap
Page 110 and 111: Figure 25. Structure Deformations v
Page 112 and 113: Factors Contributing to the Soil-St
Page 114 and 115: As Figures 28A and 28B show, earthq
Page 116 and 117: Figure 28A. West Coast Earthquake A
Page 118 and 119: Figure 29. Design Response Spectra
Page 120 and 121: Figure 31. Relative Stiffness Betwe
Page 122 and 123: developed for a one-barrel frame wi
Page 124 and 125: • For flexibility ratios less tha
Page 126 and 127: where g s = angular distortion of t
Page 128 and 129: Structure Deformation Free-Field De
Page 130 and 131: Because the Poisson’s Ratios of t
Page 132 and 133: Table 5. Cases Analyzed to Study th
Page 134 and 135: In comparison with the results show
Page 136 and 137: Structure Deformation Free-Field De
Page 138 and 139: • Pseudo-Concentrated Force Model
Page 140 and 141: deformations result. Section 2.4 in
Page 142 and 143: Figure 40. Moments at Invert-Wall C
Page 144 and 145: Figure 42. Moments at Invert-Wall C
Page 146 and 147: Table 7. Seismic Racking Design App
Page 148 and 149: 136
Page 150 and 151: • The more frequently occurring e
Page 152 and 153: Use of this method will lead to a c
Page 154 and 155: 142
Page 158 and 159: Tunnels, Report No. UMTA-MA-06-0100
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