Living with Risk. A global review of disaster reduction initiatives

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A selection of disaster reduction applications 5 The Bangladesh 2001 SoE report prepared under the aegis of UNEP for GEO 2002 has a well developed and detailed section on natural disasters, which includes: • General introduction on the types of disasters affecting the country • Pressures on the environment that exacerbate natural disasters including geographical settings, physiography, hydrology and environmental pressures • State of natural disasters: floods, cyclones, droughts, abnormal rainfall, hailstorms, lightening, tornadoes, earthquakes and erosion • Impact of natural disasters: climate change, agriculture, salinity intrusion, fisheries, ecosystems and biodiversity • Structural and non-structural responses • Suggested options as future measures • Conclusion The report describes in detail the disaster management bodies and their main functions and responsibilities. Excerpts from a table in the Bangladesh SoE report Issue Pressure/Cause Impacts Responses Flood Excess flow in monsoon Improper infrastructure development 92% of total catchment area across border Drainage congestion due to river bed siltation Deforestation in upper catchment area Disruption of communications and livelihoods systems Loss of agricultural production Disruption of essential services National economic loss Loss of human lives and biodiversity CDMP (Comprehensive Disaster Management Plan) FAP (Flood Action Plan) National Water Policy Flood forecast and inundation modelling Dredging of river bed Construction of embankments with sluice gates 217
5 Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiatives 218 develop principles, guidelines and effective strategies to better set their priorities. Natural disaster concerns are more or less identifiable in the above mentioned reporting systems, links between environmental management and flood damage (e.g. lack of integration between water management, transport policy and nature conservation objectives) being most frequently described. However, they can produce essential baseline and vulnerability information on which to develop disaster reduction policies (see boxexample from Bangladesh). Economic incentives/disincentives for disaster reduction include: • Tax incentives, subsidies and loans to compensate landowners or discourage certain land uses • User charges: fees for downstream beneficiaries (domestic water use, agriculture, hydropower, fishery, recreation) • Transfer of development rights to avoid undesirable development • Easements: legal agreement to restrict type and amount of development taking place on a property • Land purchase/property rights: usually restricted for exceptional lands (restricted land leases) • Fines/liability system for damages caused to human settlements or environmental services • Pricing structures to discourage unsound use of resources Existing reporting guidelines could easily be updated to include a requirement to systematically report on the environmental features and resource necessary to prevent environmental degradation that will lead to an increase in disaster risks. The process of environmental reporting could also be designed to contribute to the record of ways in which societies mitigate risk by cultural adaptation and their appraisal of natural resources. Environmental mapping, in which community members are asked to locate relevant environmental features and resources on a self-created map of their territory, could be used for risk mapping. Maps representing physical features, such as roads, houses, soil types and vegetation, could include social and risk phenomena, e.g., access to resources by specific groups or household wealth. Community involvement in map building provides an occasion to discuss resource management issues. Ecological and environmental economics It is essential to obtain an accurate picture of true health and wealth of the socio-economic and socio-ecological situation of a nation in assessing progress towards sustainable development. Of the three interactive spheres of sustainable development – social, economic and environmental/ecological – economic considerations, in many ways remains dominant, both in influence and in its measurement. Proving that disaster reduction integrating sound environmental management makes economic sense is a major challenge when confronting decision-makers. Environmental economics, also referred to as ecological economics, provides a visible way to link environmental management and disaster risk reduction in sustainable development. It utilizes the tools and mechanisms of economics to measure in currency terms, the value and costs regarding various aspects of the environment such as well-functioning ecosystems, prisitne environments, biodiversity and the costs associated with resource and ecosystem depletion. In conventional economic frameworks, natural resources, in terms of their worth for human use, have been considered. Beginning in the 1970s, economic mechanisms began to be adapted in order to measure more accurate representation of the socio-ecological aspects of the community. Until quite recently, the study of environmental economics has been predominantly in academia, related research institutions, in multilateral and bilateral organization and in the large international environmentally-oriented NGOs. As environmental issues become increasingly everyday news, decision makers world-wide have started to examine ways in which socio-ecological values and costs can be measured and incorporated into economic and political discourse. There are numerous national models, including the older forms of National Resource Accounts (NRA), National Systems for Environmental Accounting
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D Living with Risk A global review
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Table of Contents Acknowledgements
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Bastien Affeltranger, France Tom Al
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Introduction This is a preliminary
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A more vulnerable world The trend s
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Journey to a safer world This revie
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Eruption of Mount Agung, Bali, Indo
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1 Living with Risk: A global review
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Photo: J. Jenkins/PAHO
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World Map of Natural Hazards Source
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Community scale model to identify h
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Photo: University of Costa Rica
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Page 218 and 219: ment. Therefore organizational fram
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Page 236 and 237: Ways to achieve a safer built envir
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Selected application of disaster re
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organization-specific requirements.
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The success of the WMO programmes i
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orological services can provide by
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Criteria to measure the effectivene
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Chapter 6 Related international com
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Related international commitments a
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These joined the long standing Rams
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The Clean Development Mechanism (CD
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and production, soil conservation,
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Division for the Advancement of Wom
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ECLAC secretariat headquarters Casi
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The UNDP Drylands Development Centr
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The foundation of UNICEF action lie
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Specialized agencies Food and Agric
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World Health Organization (WHO) WHO
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international scientific voice on c
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Disaster Mitigation and Relief Oper
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an International Training Centre fo
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the United Nations Secretary-Genera
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Chapter 7 Challenges for the future
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Challenges for the future 7 Challen
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improved disaster risk reduction. T
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Building performance targets In ord
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Challenges for the future 7 Methodo
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Annexes 1. Terminology: Basic terms
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a1 Living with Risk: A global revie
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a3 UNEP/DEPI UNEP/DEWA UNESCO UNFCC
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“In recent years the world has wi
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