Living with Risk. A global review of disaster reduction initiatives

organization-specific requirements. However
the challenges that humanity will face in the
twenty-first century require a systematic and
comprehensive approach encompassing both
environmental and climatic processes–over a
longer period of time as well as during periods
of quiescence (e.g. between El Niño episodes,
in between fire weather, smoke and haze seasons,
during hurricane and typhoon off-seasons,
etc.). There is then a much greater need
for institutionalized standard nomenclature,
procedures, extended organizational relationships
and common approaches to information
management–which will be eased by advances
in omnidirectional communication facilities
and information technologies. Recommendations
of the Bonn meeting described above and
the action programme to be adopted at WSSD
implicitly provide a starting point to address
these concerns. As stated in the conclusions of
the IDNDR Programme Forum in 1999,
there is a crucial need to implement an early
warning concept of the second generation that
must be interdisciplinary and intersectoral
comprising sociological, economical, political,
organizational and scientific wisdom.
It is difficult to pay tribute to the number and
variety of “warning centres”, dispersed by type
of hazard, location, organization, mandates,
etc. Some examples have been selected and are
briefly described in this subsection. Other
examples are given in chapter 4.1 dealing with
information management and communication.
As almost three-quarters of all natural disasters
are related to weather, water or climate, WMO
plays an important role in structuring the systematic
analysis and reporting on hazards. It
both works through, and provides, technical
support to all National Meteorological and
Hydrological Services (NMHSs) and many
regional specialized meteorological centres
worldwide. Without these institutions, early
warning capabilities would almost be non-existent.
The following WMO programmes are particularly
important in contributing to global capabilities
in the detection, forecasting and early
warning of hazards, as well as in providing
effective means and procedures to minimize
their adverse consequences through the application
of science and technology for greater
public understanding:
Selected application of disaster reduction measures
WMO technical cooperation projects contribute to the
improvement of early warning systems in developing countries.
For example, one recently completed project supported
early warning systems for the national meteorological services
of Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger. Another project is looking
into the feasibility of establishing a regional system, which
will produce and utilize early warning of impending danger
and related social and economic consequences based on the
actual predictions of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
and thus ameliorate the socio-economic impacts of ENSO
by improved early warning mechanisms. Feasibility will be
analysed from the technical, economical, social, environmental,
legal and institutional points of view.
• The World Weather Watch (WWW) programme
enables the exchange of real-time
data, forecasts, warnings and advisories for
the public and the international community;
• The Tropical Cyclone Programme (TCP)
works to develop professional abilities and
promotes nationally and regionally coordinated
systems to ensure effective preparedness
measures against tropical cyclones and
associated phenomena;
• The World Climate Programme (WCP)
rovides assistance through its Climate
Information and Prediction Services to
countries for the application of climate
information and knowledge in the prediction
and early warning of climate-related
natural disasters;
• The World Weather Research Programme
(WWRP) develops and promotes costeffective
and improved techniques for the
forecast of high-impact weather like tropical
cyclones, sand and dust storms, and heavy
rainfall that can provoke severe flooding;
• The Hydrology and Water Resources Programme
assists national hydrological services
in assessing the risks, and issuing forecasts,
of water-related hazards, with a focus
on major floods and droughts; and
• Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres
(RSMCs) are designated worldwide by
WMO to provide weather forecasts and
advisories on tropical cyclones or other specialized
risks associated with the atmosphere
or having global implications, like
volcanic plumes, fire haze, or environmental
emergencies including nuclear facility
accidents or other local and large-scale pollution
emergencies.
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