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table 2.5: renewable power for non-oecd countries under ftsm programme
ELECTRICITY
GENERATION
(TWh/a)
Wind E[R]
PV E[R]
Biomass E[R]
Geothermal E[R]
Solar Thermal E[R]
Ocean Energy E[R]
Total - new RE E[R]
Wind adv E[R]
PV adv E[R]
Biomass adv E[R]
Geothermal adv E[R]
Solar Thermal adv E[R]
Ocean Energy adv E[R]
Total - new RE adv E[R]
2007
23.6
0.2
41.2
21.6
0.0
0.0
86.7
23.6
0.2
41.2
21.6
0.0
0.0
86.7
2015
307.0
22.0
218.0
50.5
21.7
4.6
623.8
312.0
22.0
218.0
55.4
24.7
4.6
636.7
2020
854.5
105.4
488.5
111.0
112.1
27.4
1,699.0
1,092.0
204.0
487.0
164.0
281.0
67.0
2,295.0
2030
2,238.0
673.0
950.0
251.0
798.0
48.5
4,958.5
2,949.0
998.0
946.0
715.0
1,550.0
237.0
7,395.0
INSTALLED
CAPACITY
(GW)
image CHECKING THE SOLAR PANELS
ON TOP OF THE GREENPEACE POSITIVE
ENERGY TRUCK IN BRAZIL.
Wind E[R]
PV E[R]
Biomass E[R]
Geothermal E[R]
Solar Thermal E[R]
Ocean Energy E[R]
Total - new RE E[R]
Wind adv E[R]
PV adv E[R]
Biomass adv E[R]
Geothermal adv E[R]
Solar Thermal adv E[R]
Ocean Energy adv E[R]
Total - new RE adv E[R]
2007
15
0
7
4
0
0
26.2
15
0
7
4
0
0
26.2
2015
138
14
44
9
9
1
214.1
140
14
44
10
10
1
218.1
2020
347
59
100
19
36
8
570.7
443
114
100
28
91
20
795.1
© GP/FLAVIO CANNALONGA
2030
865
383
173
44
130
14
1,610.3
1,142
560
173
117
255
70
2,316.2
2
implementing the energy [r]evolution | GREENHOUSE DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS
2.3 greenhouse development rights
The Energy [R]evolution scenarios present a range of pathways
towards a future based on an increasing proportion of renewable
energy, but such routes are only likely to be followed if their
corresponding investment costs are shared fairly under some form
of global climate regime. To demonstrate how this would be possible
we have used the Greenhouse Development Rights framework,
designed by EcoEquity and the Stockholm Environment Institute,
as a potential basis for implementing the Energy [R]evolution .
Greenpeace advocates for industrialized countries, as a group, to
reduce their emissions by at least 40% by 2020 (as compared to
1990 emissions) and for developing countries, as a group, to reduce
their emissions by at least 15% by 2020 as compared to their
projected growth in emissions. On top of these commitments
Greenpeace urges industrialized countries to provide financial
resources of at least $US140 billion per year to fund the cost of
climate change mitigation and adaptation in developing countries.
The Greenhouse Development Rights framework provides a tool for
distributing both this emission reduction and finance target equally
amongst countries. Below we show how this will work for
implementing the Energy [R]evolution scenarios.
the greenhouse development rights framework
The Greenhouse Development Rights (GDR) framework calculates
national shares of global greenhouse gas obligations based on a
combination of responsibility (contribution to climate change) and
capacity (ability to pay). Crucially, GDRs take inequality within
countries into account and calculate national obligations on the
basis of the estimated capacity and responsibility of individuals.
Individuals with incomes below a ‘development threshold’ –
specified in the default case as $7,500 per capita annual income,
PPP adjusted – are exempted from climate-related obligations.
Individuals with incomes above that level are expected to contribute
to the costs of global climate policy in proportion to their capacity
(amount of income over the threshold) and responsibility
(cumulative CO2 emissions since 1990, excluding emissions
corresponding to consumption below the threshold).
The calculations of capacity and responsibility are then combined
into a joint Responsibility and Capacity Indicator (RCI) by taking
the average of the two values. Thus, for example, as shown in Table
2.6 below, the United States of America, with 4.5% of the world’s
population, has 35.8% of the world’s capacity in 2010, 36.8% of
the world’s responsibility and 36.3% of the calculated RCI. This
means that in 2010, the USA would be responsible for 36.3% of
the costs of global climate policy.
Because the system calculates obligations based on the
characteristics of individuals, and all countries have at least some
individuals with incomes over the development threshold, GDRs
would eliminate the overarching formal distinction in the Kyoto
Protocol between Annex I and non-Annex I countries. There would
of course still be key differences between rich and poor countries,
as rich countries would be expected to pay for reductions made in
other countries as well as making steep domestic emissions
reductions, while poor countries could expect the majority of the
incremental costs for emissions reductions required within their
borders to be paid for by wealthier countries. Similarly, the national
obligations calculated through GDRs could be used to allocate
contributions to a global adaptation fund; again, even poor
countries would have some positive obligations to contribute, but
they would expect to be net recipients of adaptation funds, while
rich countries would be net contributors.
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