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WORLD ENERGY [R]EVOLUTION A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY OUTLOOK 8 energy technologies | RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES ocean energy tidal power Tidal power can be harnessed by constructing a dam or barrage across an estuary or bay with a tidal range of at least five metres. Gates in the barrage allow the incoming tide to build up in a basin behind it. The gates then close so that when the tide flows out the water can be channelled through turbines to generate electricity. Tidal barrages have been built across estuaries in France, Canada and China but a mixture of high cost projections coupled with environmental objections to the effect on estuarial habitats has limited the technology’s further expansion. wave and tidal stream power In wave power generation, a structure interacts with the incoming waves, converting this energy to electricity through a hydraulic, mechanical or pneumatic power take-off system. The structure is kept in position by a mooring system or placed directly on the seabed/seashore. Power is transmitted to the seabed by a flexible submerged electrical cable and to shore by a sub-sea cable. In tidal stream generation, a machine similar to a wind turbine rotor is fitted underwater to a column fixed to the sea bed; the rotor then rotates to generate electricity from fast-moving currents. 300 kW prototypes are in operation in the UK. Wave power converters can be made up from connected groups of smaller generator units of 100 – 500 kW, or several mechanical or hydraulically interconnected modules can supply a single larger turbine generator unit of 2 – 20 MW. The large waves needed to make the technology more cost effective are mostly found at great distances from the shore, however, requiring costly sub-sea cables to transmit the power. The converters themselves also take up large amounts of space. Wave power has the advantage of providing a more predictable supply than wind energy and can be located in the ocean without much visual intrusion. There is no commercially leading technology on wave power conversion at present. Different systems are being developed at sea for prototype testing. The largest grid-connected system installed so far is the 2.25 MW Pelamis, with linked semi-submerged cyclindrical sections, operating off the coast of Portugal. Most development work has been carried out in the UK. Wave energy systems can be divided into three groups, described below. • shoreline devices are fixed to the coast or embedded in the shoreline, with the advantage of easier installation and maintenance. They also do not require deep-water moorings or long lengths of underwater electrical cable. The disadvantage is that they experience a much less powerful wave regime. The most advanced type of shoreline device is the oscillating water column (OWC). One example is the Pico plant, a 400 kW rated shoreline OWC equipped with a Wells turbine constructed in the 1990s. Another system that can be integrated into a breakwater is the Seawave Slot-Cone converter. • near shore devices are deployed at moderate water depths (~20- 25 m) at distances up to ~500 m from the shore. They have the same advantages as shoreline devices but are exposed to stronger, more productive waves. These include ‘point absorber systems’. • offshore devices exploit the more powerful wave regimes available in deep water (>25 m depth). More recent designs for offshore devices concentrate on small, modular devices, yielding high power output when deployed in arrays. One example is the AquaBuOY system, a freely floating heaving point absorber system that reacts against a submersed tube, filled with water. Another example is the Wave Dragon, which uses a wave reflector design to focus the wave towards a ramp and fill a higher-level reservoir. 1 © USCHI HERING/DREAMSTIME 9 2 3 © MCDONNELL/ISTOCK © MAXFX/DREAMSTIME images 1. BIOMASS CROPS. 2. OCEAN ENERGY. 3. CONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER (CSP). 98
climate and energy policy GLOBAL STANDBY POWER IS WASTED POWER. GLOBALLY, WE HAVE 50 DIRTY POWER PLANTS RUNNING JUST FOR OUR WASTED STANDBY POWER. OR: IF WE WOULD REDUCE OUR STANDBY TO JUST 1 WATT, WE CAN AVOID THE BUILDING OF 50 NEW DIRTY POWER PLANTS. © M. DIETRICH/DREAMSTIME “...so I urge the government to act and to act quickly.” LYN ALLISON LEADER OF THE AUSTRALIAN DEMOCRATS, SENATOR 2004-2008 99
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energy [r]evolution A SUSTAINABLE E
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“will we look into the eyes of ou
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It is clear that global scenarios h
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image NORTH HOYLE WIND FARM, UK’S
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image WELDER WORKING AT VESTAS WIND
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image THOUSANDS OF FISH DIE AT THE
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image CONSTRUCTION OF THE OFFSHORE
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The greenhouse effect is the proces
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demands for the energy sector Green
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2.1 energy [r]evolution 2010 - mexi
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policies to considerate Legislation
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figure 2.1: ftsm scheme developing
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table 2.5: renewable power for non-
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The charts in Figure 2.5 show for t
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image GREENPEACE AND AN INDEPENDENT
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Nuclear energy is a relatively mino
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Restricting the production of fissi
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the energy [r]evolution GLOBAL KEY
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image GREENPEACE OPENS A SOLAR ENER
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image THE TRUCK DROPS ANOTHER LOAD
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image THE WIND TURBINES ARE GOING T
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image THE MARANCHON WIND TURBINE FA
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Moving from principles to action on
Page 47 and 48: image FIRE BOAT RESPONSE CREWS BATT
Page 49 and 50: image AERIAL VIEW OF THE WORLD’S
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Page 53 and 54: image CONSTRUCTION OF WIND TURBINES
Page 55 and 56: OECD EUROPE MIDDLE EAST CHINA TRANS
Page 59 and 60: image THE POTENTIAL OF OCEAN ENERGY
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Page 63 and 64: image THE SUN IN THE DESERT, MEXICO
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Page 67 and 68: image GEOTHERMIC WELL IN THE AZUFRE
Page 69 and 70: The issue of security of supply is
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Page 87 and 88: image THE BIOENERGY VILLAGE OF JUEH
Page 89 and 90: This chapter describes the range of
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Page 93 and 94: image SOLAR PROJECT IN PHITSANULOK,
Page 95 and 96: image SOLAR PANELS FEATURED IN A RE
Page 97: geothermal energy Geothermal energy
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Page 103 and 104: image A YOUNG INDIGENOUS NENET BOY
Page 105 and 106: glossary & appendix GLOBAL 0 “bec
Page 107 and 108: image MINOTI SINGH AND HER SON AWAI
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