[en]+[zh]Study on Forest Landscape Restoration - ITTO

9 Analysis of characteristics of degraded and secondary forests and restoration strategies 237
seedlings, such species as Dalbergia odorifera, Sarcosperma.laurinum, Ormosia
pinnata, Lithocarpus elmerrillii, Dolichandrone cauda-felina, Cryptocarya
d<strong>en</strong>siflora, Engelhardtia roxburghiana and other tree species, Ervatamia officinalis,
Aporosa chin<strong>en</strong>sis and other shrub species, as well as Indocalamus latifolius
and Chrysopogon aciculatus. Therefore, degraded primary forest has the
capability of natural reg<strong>en</strong>eration and this type of forest can be restored as
managed primary forest, ev<strong>en</strong> converted to primary forest by protecting the site
from further disturbance or stress factors such as deforestation, over harvesting
of timber and non-timber forest products, slash and buru, etc. to restore
biodiversity, structure, function and productivity of ecosystem by allowing
natural reg<strong>en</strong>eration and succession. This strategy is sometimes called "passive
restoration" (Grieser J A, 1997) and is particularly suited to situations
where the financial resources for FLR activities are limited. This strategy is
probably one of the interv<strong>en</strong>tions with low cost and can be ext<strong>en</strong>ded in many
areas. Another measure to promote the protection of degraded primary forest is
to plant live f<strong>en</strong>ce. Planting Acacia mangium, Eucalyptus and other fast-growing
species as live f<strong>en</strong>ce in the boundary among planted forest, degraded forest
land and agricultural land can protect degraded primary forest from further
human disturbance.
9.4.2 Managem<strong>en</strong>t of secondary forest
There are two types of ownerships of secondary forest in Dagan demonstration
area: one is collective ownership with which the forest was originated from
clear-cutting of degraded primary forest, and the other is individual ownership
with which the forest was reg<strong>en</strong>erated through a natural process after more than
10 years' abandonm<strong>en</strong>t. Forest stands with differ<strong>en</strong>t ownerships should balance
differ<strong>en</strong>t conflicts and should be restored using differ<strong>en</strong>t interv<strong>en</strong>tions.
Collective owned secondary forest, such as community Symplocos laurina-
Radermachera hainan<strong>en</strong>sis and community Lithocarpus pseudovestitus, its
arbor storey has valuable native trees such as Chukrasia tabularis and
Amesidod<strong>en</strong>dron chin<strong>en</strong>se (with first class wood), timber production species
such as Ormosia pinnata, Lannea coromandelica and Garcinia oblongifolia,
etc. So this type of secondary forest should take the same forest restoration
measures as that of degraded primary forest, protective "decompression" , that
is to achieve natural recovery with use of existing saplings, seedlings by estab-