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Walking together: Healing and hope for Colombian refugees

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26<br />

w a l k i n g<br />

t o g e t h e r<br />

The Triple Trauma Paradigm, below, highlights some of the traumatic events encountered in each part of<br />

the refugee journey.<br />

THE TRIPLE-TRAUMA PARADIGM<br />

Pre-Flight Flight Post-Flight<br />

Harassment/intimidation/<br />

threats<br />

Fear of unexpected arrest<br />

Loss of job/livelihood<br />

Loss of home, l<strong>and</strong>,<br />

possessions, Loss of<br />

employment, business<br />

Disruption of studies,<br />

life dreams<br />

Repeated relocation<br />

Living in hiding/underground<br />

Societal chaos/breakdown<br />

Prohibition of traditional<br />

practices<br />

Lack of medical care<br />

Separation, isolation of family<br />

Malnutrition<br />

Need <strong>for</strong> secrecy, silence,<br />

distrust<br />

Brief arrests, kidnapping,<br />

retention<br />

Being followed or monitored<br />

Imprisonment<br />

Torture<br />

Other <strong>for</strong>ms of violence<br />

Witnessing violence<br />

Disappearances/Deaths<br />

Fear of being caught or<br />

returned<br />

Extortion<br />

Threat of <strong>for</strong>ced recruitment<br />

of children<br />

Attempts against one’s life<br />

Living in hiding/underground<br />

Detention at checkpoints,<br />

borders<br />

Loss of home, l<strong>and</strong>,<br />

possessions<br />

Loss of job/schooling<br />

Illness<br />

Robbery<br />

Exploitation: bribes,<br />

falsification<br />

Physical assault, rape or injury<br />

Witnessing violence<br />

Lack of medical care<br />

Separation, isolation of family<br />

Malnutrition<br />

Crowded, unsanitary<br />

conditions<br />

Continued threat<br />

Looked upon with suspicion<br />

by society<br />

Government agencies little<br />

help<br />

Great uncertainty about<br />

the future<br />

Low social <strong>and</strong> economic<br />

status<br />

Lack of legal status<br />

Language barriers<br />

Transportation, service barriers<br />

Loss of identity, roles<br />

Bad news from home<br />

Unmet expectations<br />

Unemployment/<br />

underemployment<br />

Racial/ethnic discrimination<br />

Inadequate, dangerous<br />

housing<br />

Repeated relocation/migration<br />

Social <strong>and</strong> cultural isolation<br />

Family separation/reunification<br />

Unresolved losses/<br />

disappearances<br />

Unrealistic expectations from<br />

home<br />

Shock of new climate,<br />

geography<br />

Conflict: internal, marital,<br />

community, generational<br />

Symptoms often worsen<br />

Triple Trauma Paradigm courtesy of the Center <strong>for</strong> Victims of Torture, 649 Dayton Ave., St. Paul, MN 55104, www.cvt.org © Center <strong>for</strong> Victims of Torture

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