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Section 2 Context Context Section 2 Table 2.19.2 Economic Trends in Malta, 1998-2003 2.20 The Netherlands Table 2.20.1 Characteristics of the Housing Stock in the Netherlands, 1998, 2002 Category 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Change in GDP at constant (1995) prices in million Maltese Lira (MLT) 1,291.8 1,344.2 1,429.9 1,412.7 1,426.6 1,419.6 Inflation (%) 2.4 2.1 2.4 2.9 2.2 1.3 Unemployment rate as measured by the labour force survey (%) Nav Nav 6.5 6.5 6.8 7.9 Table 2.19.3 1939 levels. However, in 1995 the legislation on this aspect of housing was amended with the intention of liberalising the rental market. 43.1% of the current Maltese housing stock was constructed between 1971 and 1990. Output of social housing was particularly high during this period. Dwellings in the country are relatively generously sized. In 1995, 72.8% of dwellings in the country had 5 rooms or more. In this regard the Maltese housing stock is amongst the most generously sized of the countries under examination. However, there is a poor correlation between the size of households and the size of dwellings. The vast majority of dwellings in Malta have water and electricity. TABLE 2.19.1 also reveals that 96.6% of dwellings have a bathroom and in most cases lavatories empty into mains sewers. In 1995, 23.0% of the Maltese housing stock was vacant. Although this figure includes holiday homes, the level of permanently vacant dwellings in the country is also high – dwellings of this type represented 14.7% of the total dwelling stock in 1995. Vacancy rates were particularly high in the Grand Harbour area of the capital Valetta, where 19% of residences were vacant in 1995, even though only 0.3% were second homes. Demographic Trends in Malta, 1992-2000 2.19.3 Economy As is illustrated in TABLE 2.19.2, the rate of increase in GDP in Malta has slowed in recent years – from 6.4% in 2000 to 1.7% in 2002. At the same time, however, inflation has fallen slightly, while unemployment has risen. 2.19.4 Demography Category 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 Population by age group (%) 0-14 years Nav Nav 22.1 Nav 20.4 15-24 years Nav Nav 14.8 Nav 18.2 25-49 years Nav Nav 36.5 Nav 34.8 50-64 years Nav Nav 15.2 Nav 17.5 65-79 years Nav Nav 9.2 Nav 9.8 > 80 years Nav Nav 2.2 Nav 2.3 Population change (per 1,000 population) Net migration 2.4 2.4 1.6 1.1 3.4 Natural population change 7.1 5.8 5.8 4.2 3.3 Average number of persons per private households (No.) Nav Nav Nav Nav 3.01 The population of Malta stood at 399,867 in 2003 – which is a slight increase on the number of inhabitants of the country in 1993, which stood at 373,161. TABLE 2.19.3 reveals that the population increase is related to both natural population increase and positive net migration. In 2002, 96 people emigrated from Malta. However, this was more than counterbalanced by the number of immigrants to the country, which totalled 382 during the same year. Although birth rates in Malta are falling, throughout the 1990s births more than outweighed deaths. As a consequence, Malta has not experienced the ageing population structure common to many of the other European countries examined in this review. In 2000, 20.4% of the Maltese population were aged 14 years or younger, while a further 18.2% were aged between 15 and 24 years. In 2000, the number of private households in the country totalled 127,970 – a significant increase on the corresponding figure for 1995 of 119,479. Like many other European countries, the rising number of households in Malta is related to falling household size. In 1995 the average number of persons per households in Malta was 3.12. By 2000 this had fallen to 3.01, although this figure is still significantly above the average for the countries examined in this review. 2.20.1 Policy Making and Implementation Table 2.20.2 They key objectives of housing policy in the Netherlands are as follows: ■ to accelerate the restructuring of neighbourhoods and housing construction, especially in cities; ■ to achieve and maintain a sound, sustainable living climate. A sustainable housing environment not only concerns the dwelling itself, but also encompasses clean, pleasant and safe public spaces and a recognisable, stable social environment; ■ to tackle unsafe and run-down neighbourhoods and to prevent other areas from declining in this way; ■ to promote home-ownership, including the sale of rented dwellings, in order to improve the quality and liveability of neighbourhoods; ■ to make city living more attractive for middle and higher income households by ensuring that the type of dwellings in supply are sufficiently varied, and ■ to ensure that housing is affordable, especially for those who do not have sufficient means to access adequate housing, by promoting moderate rent levels, and providing rent subsidy to lower income groups. The Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment holds responsibility for housing policymaking in the Netherlands. Economic Trends in the Netherlands, 1995-2002 Category 1998 2002 % % Dwellings by tenure Owner-occupied 50.8 54.2 Social rental sector Nav 35.0 Private rental sector Nav 10.8 Dwellings specially for the elderly Nav 6.3 Dwellings by period of construction
Section 2 Context Context Section 2 Table 2.20.3 Demographic Trends in the Netherlands, 2000, 2002 2.21 Poland 2.21.2 Stock Table 2.21.1 Characteristics of the Housing Stock in Poland, 2002 Category 2000 2002 No. No. Population 15,864,000 16,105,000 Household size 2.3 2.3 Immigration 132,900 121,300 Emigration 61,200 66,800 Net migration 71,700 54,500 2.20.3 Economy TABLE 2.20.2 sketches recent economic trends in the Netherlands. It reveals that annual growth in GDP in this country has fallen from 3% in 1995 to 0.2% in 2002. At the same time the rate of inflation (as measured by annual change in the harmonised index of consumer prices) has increased from 1.4% in 1995 to 5.1% in 2001, but unemployment has fallen to 2.5% of the labour force in 2001 – less than half the rate of 1995. 2.20.4 Demography TABLE 2.20.3 provides details of recent demographic trends in the Netherlands. It reveals that the population of this country has increased slightly in recent years, from 15,864,000 people in 2000 to 16,105,000 in 2002. This trend is a function of positive net migration – immigrants into the Netherlands exceeded emigrants by 54,500 persons in 2002. The average household size in the Netherlands has remained stable in recent years – at around the average level among the countries examined in this review. 2.21.1 Policy Making and Implementation Until 31 December 2003 responsibility for housing policy implementation in Poland lay with the State Office for Housing and Urban Development (SOHUD) whose President reported to the Minister of Infrastructure. On 1 January 2004, the SOHUD was incorporated in the Ministry of Infrastructure which now holds responsibility for devising and implementing housing policy in Poland. The scope of activity of the Minister of Infrastructure in the housing sphere embraces the following issues: ■ implementation of housing policy; ■ development and implementation of financial tools for housing construction; ■ implementation of spatial policy; ■ preparation and implementation of effective urban development systems as well as legal infrastructure for management of the existing housing stock; ■ preparation of the governmental programmes for development of the municipal infrastructure, and ■ establishment of the rules of real estate management, including the formulation of conditions for the development of the real estate market, and engagement in administrative jurisdiction in the field of spatial, housing and real estate economy. At the end of 2002 the total housing stock in Poland amounted to 12,523,600 dwellings (326.6 per 1,000 inhabitants) of which 11,763,500 (or 307.7 per 1,000 inhabitants) were occupied. This level of housing availability is below the average for the countries under examination. The period since 1989 has seen a radical change in the tenure structure in Poland, as a large number of rented dwellings were transferred into owner occupation under the auspices of the right to buy programme. TABLE 2.21.1 reveals that in 2002, 55% of the housing stock in Poland was owner-occupied, although a substantial proportion of dwellings are social rented – 9.3% from co-operatives, 11.5% from local authorities, 0.3% from social housing associations and 1.7% from the State treasury. The social housing associations programme was initiated in 1995. TABLE 2.21.1 also reveals that 2.2% of all dwellings were rented from employers in 2002. The employers involved in housing provision in Poland are mainly public-sector organisations or Stateowned enterprises. The Polish housing stock is young in comparison with many of the other countries examined in this review – 49.3% of the housing stock has been built since 1970, while dwellings constructed before 1918 accounted for only 10% of the total stock in 2002. The housing stock in urban parts of Poland in particular is comparatively well equipped with services such as water, bathing facilities and central heating. Admittedly, these services are less widely available in rural areas, but their availability has grown significantly over the last decade. In 1990, only 67.6% Category % Inhabited dwellings by tenure Owner-occupied 55.2 Co-operative (ownership) 19.3 Co-operative (rented) 9.3 Rented from municipalities 11.5 Rented from the State treasury 1.7 Rented from employers 2.2 Rented from social housing association 0.3 Others 0.3 Dwellings by date of construction
Page 1 and 2: REGULAR NATIONAL REPORT ON SYNTHESI
Page 3 and 4: Regular National Report on Housing
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Section 4 Outcomes Outcomes Section
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Appendix 1 Members of European Hous
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Appendix 2 Questionnaire 4.4 Housin
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