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Section 2 Context Context Section 2 Table 2.27.1 Economic Trends in Sweden, 2000-2005 Category 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 (Proj) (Proj) % % % % % % Annual change in GNP 4.3 0.9 1.9 1.5 2.2 2.5 Annual change in the harmonised index of consumer prices 1.3 2.7 2.0 2.0 0.6 1.8 Disposable income (% change yearly) 4.2 6.5 2.1 -0.8 2.0 2.5 Open unemployment (16-64 yrs) 4.7 4.0 4.0 4.8 5.3 5.0 Employment in active labour-market programmes 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.1 1.9 1.9 2.27.3 Economy As revealed in TABLE 2.27.1, GNP growth in Sweden fell to 1.5 in 2003, from 1.9 in the previous year. However, it is expected to rise again to 2.5 by 2005. At the same time inflation also fell between 2001 and 2003. 2.27.4 Demography In 2002, the population of Sweden stood at 8.9 million persons. A third of the inhabitants lived in one of the metropolitan areas of Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö. The population density is 22 inhabitants per km 2 . In 2001, approximately 46% of households in the country consisted of a single person and only 27% of households included children. In 2002, 22% of the population was younger than 18 years of age. 17% was 65 years or older; of these, 5% were aged 80 years or older and 2% were 85 years or older. The fertility rate in Sweden is low – it stood at 1.65 children per woman in 2002, although it has risen slightly in recent years after reaching a low of 1.5 children per woman in 1999. The recent population increase, referred to above, is almost entirely due to immigration. In 2002, the excess of births was 0.09 per 1,000 of the mean population, while emigration was 3.70 and immigration 7.18 per 1,000 of the mean population. In 2002, the number of immigrants was roughly 65,000. These individuals originated in the following locations: 31% in Europe (excluding the Nordic countries); 29% in Asia; 26% were returning Swedish citizens; 23% originated in the other Nordic countries; 7% in North America and 6% in Africa. In 2002, there were approximately 33,000 asylum seekers, while 7,840 were granted refugee status (or similar). Data collected in the same year indicate that 12% of the Swedish population were foreign-born. Of these, 3.12% originated in other Nordic countries, 3.8% in another European country (outside of the Nordic countries) 3.14% in Asia, 0.66% in Africa, 0.59% in South America and 0.28 in North America. The population of Sweden is projected to increase by approximately 740,000 persons or 8% by 2020. The proportion of the population aged 65 years and older is projected to increase by 33% during this period, while at the same time it is expected that the proportion of the population aged 80 years and older will increase by 9% and those 85 years and older will rise by 15%. In contrast, the proportion of the population aged under 20 years is projected to increase by only 4% and the working age population (between 20 and 64 years) is expected to increase by only 3% or approximately 164,000 individuals. Over the long term, the increase in the Swedish population has been highly concentrated to the three largest metropolitan areas and in some of the other towns and municipalities that offer university education. At the same time the population of most other municipalities has fallen. However, since 1999 this trend has moderated. In some of the urban areas where the population had been declining, this decline has diminished or reversed. In 1999 only approximately 25% of all municipalities increased their population. In 2002, there was an increase in half of all the municipalities. In contrast, in the Greater- Stockholm region the rate of the increase in population has declined each year since 1999. 2.28 Turkey 2.28.1 Policy Making and Implementation The key objectives of housing policy in Turkey are set out in Articles 56 and 57 of the Turkish Constitution. The latter of these articles States: ‘The State shall take measures to meet the needs for housing within the framework of a plan which takes into account the characteristics of cities and environmental conditions and supports community housing projects.’ Article 56 States that ‘every citizen has the right to live in a healthy and balanced environment’. Various items of legislation have been enacted in order to actualise these aims. They fall into three categories. Firstly, two main items of legislation address housing and urbanisation. These are: the Mass Housing Law No: 2985, which is the framework law that enables the establishment of Housing Development Administration (TOKI) and sets the basic principles that give direction to TOKI’s activities, and Planning Law No: 3194 which declares the intention of controlling the appropriate ‘formation of settlements and buildings’. These two items of legislation are also complemented by a number of by-laws and regulations, including: ‘Standard Building Regulation for Municipalities other than Major (Metropolitan) Cities’, ‘Land and Property Sharing with Realisation of the Compulsory Replotting in accordance with Article 18 of the law’, ‘Standards and Procedures for Preparing and Revising Plans’, ‘Building Codes for Areas without a Plan’. Secondly, legislation has been introduced to address the problem of squatter housing in Turkey. This is an issue in many cities, especially those where inward migration levels are high. In this vein, the Squatter Housing Acts No: 775 and No: 2981 are concerned with preventing illegal (squatter) construction and rehabilitating the existing squatter areas. These Acts also provide for the supply of cheap building plots, housing and financial support to meet the housing needs of low-income households. The Urban Land Office Law No: 1164 is also relevant to squatting. It enables the provision of low-cost land with infrastructure for public housing. A third set of legal regulations address the housing responsibilities of local government. These include: the Law on Administration of Greater Municipalities No: 3030 and Municipality Law No: 1580, which regulate the preparation and approval of housing master plans and implementation plans, and construction and occupancy permits. In relation to housing policy-making and administration, the most important institution in this regard are the Housing Development Administration (TOKI) and the State Planning Organisation (SPO). The State Planning Organisation is responsible for formulating macro-level housing development plans with five-year terms. It determines the basic policy and action areas, and has a steering role for the public expenditure in all housing investment areas. Thus, SPO’s five-year development plans are among the important guides in putting forward the main principles in housing policy. The legislation that established the SPO in 1984 assigned it the following responsibilities: ■ housing construction on public lands for average and low income groups; ■ the production of housing for low and middle income groups in co-operation with the local authorities; ■ the provision of housing loans to enable co-operatives to construct housing for low and middle income households; ■ the servicing of land at low infrastructure cost, for the purpose of creating new settlement areas and ■ encouraging and supporting the manufacturing and building technologies and materials in order to develop the housing sector. TOKI both develops and implements housing policies relevant to these responsibilities. During the period 1984 to 2000, 17% of the total authorised housing construction was enabled by TOKI. By February 2004, it had provided housing loans to enable the construction of approximately 1.1 million housing units. Among this number, 84% (or 942,501 82 European Union Report Regular National Report on Housing Developments in European Countries 83
Section 2 Context Context Section 2 dwellings) were built by housing co-operatives and housing contractors. A further 43,000 housing units were directly built by TOKI on its own lands. In addition, local authorities are also supported by TOKI loans to facilitate the development of new housing projects on their own lands for sale as low-cost owner-occupied housing. The Ministry of Public Works and Settlement is another responsible body for legislation and regulations concerning human settlements. Among other duties, the Ministry is responsible for the preparation of territorial plans, or having them prepared, and their approval through Planning Law No: 3194; the approval of land-use plans related to public institutions, transportation provision and the provision of housing for low and moderate income households (which is known as ‘mass housing’ in Turkey) under the auspices of the Planning Law No: 3194; the preparation and approval of landuse plans for Squatter Prevention Areas or Rehabilitation Zones under the terms of the Squatter Law No: 775. Another important actor in the housing fields in Turkey is the Directorate General of Land Office, which provides lands for investment sectors, public institutions, and for industry and housing. Table 2.28.1 Provincial government is responsible for the preparation of land-use plans in areas that lie outside the boundaries of local municipal authorities, the designation of mass housing areas under the terms of the Mass Housing Law No: 2985 and the Characteristics of the Housing Stock in Turkey, 2000 Category % Households by tenure of dwelling Home owner: 63.8 Occupied rent free 7.5 Rented 27.2 Supplied by government 1.4 Households by availability of amenities in dwelling Lavatory, of which are: – inside the dwelling 88.0 – outside the dwelling 11.7 – none 0.4 Bathroom, of which are: – inside the dwelling 94.9 – outside the dwelling 2.2 – none 2.9 Piped water of which are: – inside the dwelling 94.7 – outside the dwelling 3.0 – none 2.2 Heating system, of which are: Central heating (single building) 100.0 Central heating (multiple building) 6.8 Individual gas/fuel heater 4.1 Stove 7.9 Other 74.8 Disposal method for waste water of which are: City sewage system 82.6 Cesspool 15.1 Outside (to road, to garden or to courtyard) 1.7 Stream or sea through a special channel 0.6 Households by size of dwelling 151 m 2 2.9 Not known 7.1 Households by number of rooms in dwelling 1 room 0.6 2 rooms 7.3 3 rooms 40.6 4 rooms 44.0 5 rooms 5.5 6+ rooms 1.4 Not known 0.7 determination of village settlement areas. Local municipal authorities are responsible for the preparation of land-use plans within their operational areas; the determination of squatter areas and upgraded zones and the preparation and approval of their land-use plans; the issuing of construction and occupancy permits. Table 2.28.2 2.28.2 Stock Economic Trends in Turkey, 1995-2003 Category 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 % % % % % % % % % Increase in GNP at constant (1987) prices 8.0 7.1 8.3 3.9 -6.1 6.3 -9.5 7.8 5.0 (prov.) Increase in the consumer price index Nav Nav Nav Nav Nav Nav 54 26 17 Rate of unemployment 6.9 6 6.7 6.8 7.6 6.6 8.4 10.3 Nav In the year 2000, the Turkish census of population identified 13,000,250 households in individual dwellings. Definitive figures on the size of the housing stock are difficult to obtain because of the high level of unauthorised dwelling construction in Turkey. The Turkish government estimates that approximately 38% of housing need in the country is met by this source, rather than by officially sanctioned construction. In 2000, 63.8% of Turkish households owned their own dwelling, which is below the average for the 28 countries under examination. Although home ownership rates were significantly higher in rural areas of Turkey – 76.3% of households in these areas were homeowners compared to just 60.2% of their urban counterparts; 27.2% of households nationally rented their dwellings. Disaggregated data are not available concerning the proportion of households that rent from a private or a social landlord. In Turkey social housing is provided by a range of agencies including: municipal housing corporations, housing co-operatives, central government and private proprietors. TABLE 2.28.1 provides details of the characteristics of the Turkish housing stock in 2000. It reveals that in terms of the availability of lavatories, bathrooms and piped water, Turkish dwellings are less well serviced than those in many of the other European countries examined in this review; 88.0% of Turkish households had an inside toilet in 2000, 94.9% had an indoor bathroom, and 94.7% had indoor piped water. Moreover, these services were less commonly available in rural areas. Only 86.1% of rural households had piped water, for example, as compared to 97.3% of their urban counterparts, while 72.4% of rural dwellers had an indoor toilet compared to 92.6% of their urban counterparts. In terms of size of dwelling, Turkey also compares well with the other countries examined in this review. In 2000 the average dwelling area per person was 24.5 m 2 and 89.9% of dwellings were greater than 50 m 2 in size. At the same time, however, there was only 1 room per person in 2000, and only 6.9% of dwellings had 5 rooms or more. Comprehensive data regarding vacant housing in Turkey are not available. 2.28.3 Economy TABLE 2.28.2 details economic trends in Turkey since 1995. It reveals that the rate of increase in GNP has fluctuated significantly in recent years, from 8.0% in 1995, to –6.1% in 1999, to 5.0% in 2003 (provisional data). At the same time unemployment has risen from 6.9% in 1995 to 10.3% in 2002, but the rate of increase in consumer prices has slowed, from 54% in 2001 to 17% in 2003. 2.28.4 Demography TABLE 2.28.3 summarises demographic trends in recent decades in Turkey. It reveals that the population of Turkey has increased by over 35 million since 1970. At the same time the proportion of the population living in urban areas has increased significantly. This population growth is related to a high birth rate which has significantly exceeded the death rate since 1965. Despite this, however, like many other countries examined in this review the Turkish population structure is ageing. In 1940, 42.1 of the population was aged 14 years and under, but by 2000 the proportion of inhabitants in this age group had fallen to 29.6%. 84 European Union Report Regular National Report on Housing Developments in European Countries 85
Page 1 and 2: REGULAR NATIONAL REPORT ON SYNTHESI
Page 3 and 4: Regular National Report on Housing
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents Table of Contents
Page 7 and 8: Definition of Terms New Member Stat
Page 9 and 10: Section 1 Introduction and Summary
Page 19 and 20: Section 2 Context Context Section 2
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Page 55 and 56: Section 3 Policies Policies Section
Page 75 and 76: Section 3 Policies 3.7.2 Expected M
Page 77 and 78: Section 4 Outcomes Outcomes Section
Page 97 and 98: Appendix 1 Members of European Hous
Page 99 and 100: Appendix 2 Questionnaire 4.4 Housin

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