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Section 2 Context Context Section 2 Table 2.23.1 Category Economic Trends in Romania, 1998-2003 dwellings had a hot water supply. Approximately half of all dwellings in the country had a kitchen, bathroom and toilet in 2002, but the availability of these amenities was 10 times higher in urban areas than in rural areas. During 2002, 88.4% of the total Romanian housing stock was occupied. Comprehensive data on regional distribution of these vacant dwellings are not available. However, empty dwellings are believed to be concentrated in the former highly industrialised parts of the country. Currently, the Romanian government is considering the possibility of commandeering these dwellings for use as social housing. 2.23.3 Economy Year 1998/1999 1999/2000 2000/2001 2001/2002 2002/2003 GDP 97.7 101.6 105.7 104.9 104.9 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Inflation rate 159.1 145.8 145.7 134.5 122.5 115.3 According to the National Institute of Statistics, Romanian GDP was 1,890,778.3 billion Romanian Leu (ROL) or €50.34 billion in 2003. TABLE 2.23.1 details the annual rate of increase of GDP in recent years, together with inflation rates. In 2002, the potential economically active population (occupied and unemployed persons) represented 40.8% of the total population. The occupied active population accounts for 36% of the total population and unemployed people represent 11.8% of the total active population. The proportion of the population that is active and occupied has shrunk over the last decade. This trend is related to demographic factors. As the number of retired people has increased, the number of schoolchildren has decreased. 2.23.4 Demography In 2002, the population of Romania totalled 21,680,974 people. In the same year the total number of households was 7,320,202 and the average number of persons per household was 2.92 in 2002, compared to 3.07 in 1992. The population of the country has fallen in recent years, as a result of a falling birth rate (down from 1.1% per 1,000 inhabitants between 1966 and 1977 to 0.4% per 1,000 inhabitants between 1977 and 1992) and the negative rate of external migration (which averaged minus 5% annually between 1992 and 2002). These factors have also contributed to the ageing of the Romanian population in recent years, as was mentioned above. The territorial distribution of the Romanian population also altered between 1992 and 2002, due to regional differences of the birth rate and external and internal migration. The urban population declined faster than the rural population between these years. 2.24 Slovakia 2.24.1 Policy Making and Implementation The Ministry of Construction and Regional Development holds responsibility for housing policy development and implementation in Slovakia. The specific responsibilities held by the ministry in this regard are as follows: ■ devising and updating the key Statements of national housing policy, namely: the Principles of State Housing Policy and the Principles of Housing Development Policy; ■ drafting, analysing and updating the legal framework for housing; ■ designing and monitoring the application of economic instruments for housing construction, devising and applying housing development programmes and the administration of the State Housing Development Fund; ■ co-operating with the local authorities at town and village level in realising the aims of State, regional and local housing policy, and liaising with nonprofit organisations, financial, professional and interest-group institutions, and ■ framing a methodology to guide activities concerning the modernisation, refurbishment and regeneration of the housing stock. As mentioned above, the key aims of housing policy are expressed in the Principles of State Housing Policy. Another component of housing policy is the Housing Development Action Plan, which details the individual tasks relevant to support the development of housing, together with the bodies responsible for fulfilling them and the required deadlines for their implementation. The Principles of Housing Construction Development focuses on the creation and development of economic support instruments for housing construction and defines the basic approaches to financing housing, although these are also re-assessed and updated regularly. Other documents that are particularly influential in the context of Slovakian housing policy development include: Country Profiles in the Housing Sector – Slovakia, drawn up by a group of experts of the Committee on Human Settlements of the United National Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) in 1999, and the National Report on the Development of Human Settlements and Housing in Slovakia, drawn up following the United Nations Habitat Conference Istanbul +5 which was held in 2001. On the basis of these various documents, the aims of housing policy in Slovakia can be summarised as follows. The key objective of policy is to modify support measures in housing development so that they provide appropriately differentiated State support for construction intended for the various income groups within the population. These are: ■ for low-income households the construction of rental apartments in the public rental housing sector will be facilitated by resources from the State Housing Development Fund and subsidies from the State budget in combination with funds from local government or other investors on a non-profit basis; ■ for the middle income group of households the objective of intervention by government is to enable them to buy an apartment or single family house with State support via loans from the State Housing Development Fund or building and mortgage loans, and ■ for the highest income group of the population, the State aims to create the conditions necessary to enable then to acquire housing from their own resources and using financial market funds. 2.24.2 Stock In 2001, the Slovakian housing stock totalled 1,884,846 dwellings, of which 1,665,536 were permanently occupied; 49.9% of these permanently occupied dwellings were apartments, a further 43.5% were single-family houses and details of the design of the remainder are not available. As illustrated in TABLE 2.24.1, like many other 70 European Union Report Regular National Report on Housing Developments in European Countries 71
Section 2 Context Context Section 2 Table 2.24.1 Characteristics of the Housing Stock in Slovakia, 1961-2001 Table 2.24.2 Economic Trends in Slovakia, 1999-2003 Year 1961 1970 1980 1991 2001 Category % % % % % Dwellings by tenure Public rental (State/municipal) Nav Nav Nav 27.2 3.7 Private rental Nav Nav Nav 0.0 0.1 Owner-occupied Nav Nav Nav 49.7 75.9 Co-operative Nav Nav Nav 22.3 14.9 Other Nav Nav Nav 0.8 5.4 Dwellings by type Family houses 62.1 70.4 58.5 50.2 49.2 Blocks of flats 17.8 28.1 40.8 47.3 49.9 Other buildings 20.1 1.5 0.7 0.4 0.9 Dwellings by availability of amenities Sewage Nav 32.9 46.2 55.8 60.2 Gas 7.2 16.8 33.5 51.6 74.8 Piped water 32.5 59.1 82.3 91.8 94.7 Warm water from outside source Nav 17.4 36.1 54.5 62.2 Central heating 7.4 23.6 46.2 74.7 76.3 Dwellings by floor space Up to 20 m 2 Nav Nav Nav Nav 4.9 20-40 m 2 Nav Nav Nav Nav 19.0 40-60 m 2 Nav Nav Nav Nav 41.1 60-80 m 2 Nav Nav Nav Nav 17.9 80-100 m 2 Nav Nav Nav Nav 9.5 >100 m 2 Nav Nav Nav Nav 7.6 Dwellings by number of rooms 1 Nav Nav Nav Nav 7.4 2 Nav Nav Nav Nav 19.7 3 Nav Nav Nav Nav 41.4 4 Nav Nav Nav Nav 17.1 5 + Nav Nav Nav Nav 14.4 Dwellings by period of construction < 1945 and not specified Nav Nav Nav Nav 11.5 1945-1960 Nav Nav Nav Nav 15.1 1960-1970 Nav Nav Nav Nav 20.1 1970-1980 Nav Nav Nav Nav 25.6 1980-1990 Nav Nav Nav Nav 21.0 1990-2001 Nav Nav Nav Nav 6.7 Dwellings by construction method System built Nav Nav Nav Nav 37.1 Traditional construction Nav Nav Nav Nav 46.4 Wood Nav Nav Nav Nav 1.0 Other Nav Nav Nav Nav 15.5 Unoccupied dwellings Rate 0.06 2.98 5.51 8.54 11.63 Category 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 GDP in million € at current prices 19,134 21,932 23,317 25,144 26,200 Total inflation (inter yearly rate) (%) 10.6 12.0 7.3 3.3 8.5 Unemployment (%) 19.2 17.9 18.6 18.5 13.8 (prov.) Table 2.24.3 Slovakia has a relatively high level of system-built dwellings. In 2002, 37.1% of all dwellings in the country were constructed in this way. The majority of system-built dwellings are apartment blocks – in 2001 73.6% of such dwellings were constructed in this way. As TABLE 2.24.1 demonstrates, the percentage rate of vacant dwellings in Slovakia has risen dramatically in recent years, from 8.54% of all dwellings in 1991 to 11.63% in 2001. Vacancy rates are much higher among single-family houses – dwellings of this type accounted for 79.8% of all vacant dwellings in 2001. The census of population of 2001 sought to ascertain the reason why these dwellings were empty but failed to do so in 47% of cases. It is reasonable to assume that a proportion of these dwellings were in fact occupied but their owners failed to fill out a census form. A further Demographic Trends in Slovakia, 1997-2001 20.5% of dwellings were used as holiday homes and 13.1% were unsuitable for human habitation. The availability of services such as electricity, gas and piped water in Slovakian dwellings has increased dramatically since the 1960s; 94.7% of all dwellings now have piped water, compared to just 32.5% in 1961. However, rates of connection to district sewage schemes and the availability of central heating remain relatively low – 60.2% and 76.3% respectively of dwellings had these facilities in 2002. 2.24.3 Economy Table 2.24.2 sketches recent economic trends in Slovakia. It reveals that GDP has increased from €19,134 million in 1999 to €26,200 million in 2003. At the same time both inflation and unemployment Category 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Population as of 31 December No. 5,388,000 5,393,000 5,399,000 5,403,000 5,379,000 of which: females No. 2,766,000 2 770 2,774,00 2,776,000 2,767,000 Life expectancy for males Years 68.90 68.63 68.95 69,14 69,54 Life expectancy for females Years 76.72 76.74 77.03 77,22 77,60 Live-births per 1,000 inhabitants Rate 11.0 10.7 10.4 10.2 9.5 Deaths per 1,000 inhabitants Rate 9.7 9.9 9.7 9.8 9.7 Year countries in this part of Europe, tenure patterns in Slovakia have altered radically since the early 1990s. Home ownership levels have risen from 49.7% in 1991 to 75.9% in 2001. At the same time the proportion of dwellings owned through the mechanism of Slovakian home ownership co-operatives has fallen, from 22.3% of total in 1991 to 14.9% in 2001. In addition, the percentage of social dwellings rented from the State or a municipal authority has fallen from 27.2 in 1991 to 3.7 in 2001. In 2002, 72.9% of dwellings in Slovakia contained 3 or more rooms. However, the majority (65%) of dwellings were smaller than 60 m 2 . This is significantly smaller than the norm in the more long-standing members of the EU. Natural increase per 1,000 inhabitants Rate 1.3 0.8 0.7 0.4 –0.2 Net migration per 1,000 inhabitants Rate 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 Total migration per 1,000 inhabitants Rate 1.6 1.0 1.0 0.7 0.0 Category Year 1961 1970 1980 1991 2001 Aged < 18 years % 31,5 27,2 26,1 24,9 18,9 Aged 18-65 years % 54,8 56,3 57,5 58,0 62,3 Aged > 65 years % 13,7 16,5 16,4 17,1 18,8 Economically active population No. 1,744,000 1,999,000 2,485,000 2,618,000 2,748,000 72 European Union Report Regular National Report on Housing Developments in European Countries 73
Page 1 and 2: REGULAR NATIONAL REPORT ON SYNTHESI
Page 3 and 4: Regular National Report on Housing
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents Table of Contents
Page 7 and 8: Definition of Terms New Member Stat
Page 9 and 10: Section 1 Introduction and Summary
Page 19 and 20: Section 2 Context Context Section 2
Page 43: Section 2 Context Context Section 2
Page 55 and 56: Section 3 Policies Policies Section
Page 75 and 76: Section 3 Policies 3.7.2 Expected M
Page 77 and 78: Section 4 Outcomes Outcomes Section
Page 95 and 96:
Section 4 Outcomes Outcomes Section
Page 97 and 98:
Appendix 1 Members of European Hous
Page 99 and 100:
Appendix 2 Questionnaire 4.4 Housin
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