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Section 4 Outcomes 4.1 Introduction This Section examines the outcomes of the housing policy developments in European countries that were described in Section 3 of this review. Recent macro and micro trends in the demand for and the supply of housing are scrutinised, as are difficulties in matching supply and demand, together with the measures that have been initiated to address these difficulties, if any. In addition, trends in housing affordability across Europe are elucidated and developments in relation to the maintenance and improvement of the housing stock and the sale of social housing are reviewed. 4.2 Supply The level of construction of new dwellings and of the refurbishment of existing dwellings varies significantly between the countries under examination in this review. There are also marked variations in housing output between different geographical areas of the various countries and between different housing tenures. 4.2.1 Macro-Level Supply TABLE 4.2.1 sketches macro-level trends in the construction of new dwellings in European countries In 2000, 2001 and 2002. It reveals that Portugal, Spain and Ireland had by far the largest housing output per capita in Europe during this period. In 2000, output per 1,000 inhabitants in Ireland was 13.15 as compared to an average of 4.2 among the 20 European countries for which data on housing output during that year are available. The rate of new house construction in Ireland has increased significantly since 1995 when 8.16 new units per 1,000 inhabitants were produced. Furthermore, it has continued to increase during the recent past – in 2003 17.38 new dwellings per 1,000 inhabitants were built. In Spain, site supervision endorsements were granted for the construction of 575,546 dwellings in 2002, which constitutes 13.8 dwellings per 1,000 inhabitants. Like Ireland, housing output in Spain has expanded very significantly since the mid-1990s. In the period 1995 to 2002 it underwent an annual cumulative increase of 11.27%. Like its neighbour, Portugal has also seen a significant rise in housing output since 1995. TABLE 4.2.1 reveals that in 2000 and 2001 respectively, 11.5 and 10.6 new dwellings per 1,000 inhabitants were built in this country. FIGURE 4.2.1 charts housing output in 2000 in diagrammatic form. It reveals that a number of the other countries examined in this review also had above average housing output in the year 2000. These include: Cyprus (7.6 dwellings per 1,000 inhabitants), Austria (6.6 dwellings per 1,000 inhabitants), France (6.37 dwellings per 1,000 inhabitants), Finland (6.3 dwellings per 1,000 inhabitants) and the Netherlands (4.5 dwellings per 1,000 inhabitants). Luxembourg, where 5.3 dwellings per 1,000 inhabitants were built in 2001, could also be included in this group which is classified a ‘moderate output’ in FIGURE 4.2.1. However, it is interesting to note that, unlike the high Regular National Report on Housing Developments in European Countries 133
Section 4 Outcomes Outcomes Section 4 Table 4.2.1 Trends in New House Building in European Countries, 2000-2002 Slovenia, the United Kingdom housing output per 1,000 Figure 4.2.1 Trends in New House Building in European Countries, 2000 2000 2001 2002 Per 1,000 Per 1,000 Per 1,000 Country No. inhabitants No. inhabitants No. inhabitants Austria Nav 6.6 45,850 5.6 41,914 5.2 Belgium 40,253 3.9 38,255 3.7 Nav Nav Bulgaria 8,795 1.1 5,937 0.7 6,153 0.8 Cyprus Nav 7.6 Nav Nav Nav Nav Czech Republic 25,207 2.5 24,758 2.4 27,291 Nav Denmark Nav 2.9 Nav Nav 23,087 4.3 Finland Nav 6.3 Nav Nav Nav Nav France 309,000 6.37 303,000 5.1 303,000 5.1 inhabitants stood at 3.9, 2.9, 3.1 and 3.1 dwellings respectively in 2000. In Germany 3.5 dwellings per 1,000 inhabitants were built in 2002. Disaggregated data on housing output in Greece during 2000, 2001 and 2002 are not available. However, the information that is available indicates that housing output in Latvia Bulgaria Lithuania Romania Sweden Hungary Poland 0.4 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.7 2.15 2.3 Germany Nav Nav Nav Nav 290,000 3.5 this country has averaged at Slovakia 2.39 Greece Nav Nav Nav Nav Nav Nav Hungary Nav 2.15 Nav Nav Nav Nav Ireland 49,812 13.15 52,602 13.67 57,695 14.73 around 40,000 dwellings per annum since 1998. This means that output per 1,000 inhabitants Czech Republic Denmark 2.5 2.9 Latvia Nav 0.40 Nav Nav Nav Nav Lithuania Nav 1.2 3,785 1.1 Nav Nav Luxembourg 1,671 Nav 1,102 5.3 Nav Nav Malta Nav Nav Nav Nav Nav Nav was 3.7 dwellings in 2000, which indicates that Greece also falls into the moderate output category. United Kingdom Slovenia Germany 3.1 3.1 3.5 Netherlands 70,650 4.5 Nav Nav 66,650 4.1 Poland 87,682 2.3 106,105 2.8 97,595 2.5 Portugal Nav 11.5 Nav 10.6 Nav Nav Romania Nav 1.3 Nav Nav 27,722 1.3 Slovakia 12,931 2.39 10,321 1.9 14,213 2.6 Slovenia 6,228 3.1 Nav Nav Nav Nav Spain Nav Nav Nav Nav 575,546 13.8 Sweden 16,800 1.70 19,500 2.2 19,300 Nav United Kingdom 178,900 3.1 Nav Nav 175,500 Nav Note: Output figures for Portugal refer to construction licences issued by county councils; output figures for Slovenia were calculated on the basis of the change in the total number of dwellings in the country; output figures for Spain refer to site supervision endorsements. Data for Estonia, Italy and Turkey are not available. housing output countries of Portugal, Spain and Ireland, in several of the moderate output countries housing construction rates have been falling in recent years. Austria, for instance, experienced a housing construction boom in the mid-1990s when more than 50,000 dwellings per annum were completed, but the period since then has been distinguished by a slow but consistent reduction in building rates, which fell to 45,850 dwellings in 2001 and 41,914 dwellings in 2002. In the Netherlands output per 1,000 inhabitants France is one of the few ‘moderate output’ countries where housing construction levels have consistently risen in recent years. In 1995, 4.8 new dwellings per 1,000 inhabitants were constructed in this country, but by 2000 this had risen to 6.37 per 1,000 inhabitants. In Luxembourg housing output has risen in recent years. After a period of falling or stagnant house building rates between 1994 and 1998, housing output rose again to over 3,067 units in 1999, although it decreased to 1,671 housing units in 2001. fell from 6.1 (or 93,850 units) in 1995 to 4.1 (66,650 units) in 2002. In Finland housing output has also fallen, albeit less dramatically – from 6.3 dwellings per 1,000 inhabitants in 2000 to 6.2 dwellings per 1,000 inhabitants in 2003. In the European context, Belgium, Denmark, Slovenia, the United Kingdom and Germany could be categorised as having relatively low levels of housing output between 2000 and 2002. In Belgium, Denmark, In several of the abovementioned countries, however, housing output has fallen significantly in recent years. In this vein, Germany experienced a building boom during the first half of the 1990s which saw some 600,000 dwellings completed in 1995 alone, but since then annual housing output has fallen steadily to the extent that just 290,000 dwellings were completed in 2002. In Belgium housing output fell from 47,456 units in 1997 (4.7 per 1,000 inhabitants) to 38,255 dwellings in 2001 (3.7 per 1,000). Similarly in Greece, residential output has fallen from 97,500 units in 1998 to 40,000 units per annum currently. In the United Greece 3.7 Belgium 3.9 Netherlands 4.5 Luxembourg 5.3 Finland 6.3 France 6.37 Austria 6.6 Cyprus 7.6 Portugal 11.5 Ireland 13.15 Spain 13.8 Very low output Low output Moderate output High output Note: all data are for 2000, with the exception of: Spain (2002 data), Luxembourg (2001 Data), Germany (2002) data and Greece (average annual output since 1998). Data for Estonia, Italy and Turkey are not available. Kingdom housing output has fallen steadily over the last two decades, from 4.3 per 1,000 inhabitants (or – house construction rates in this country at the 242,000 units) in 1980, to 3.6 per 1,000 (203,400 current time are around one-third of the rate during units) in 1990, to 3.1 per 1,000 (178,900 units) in the late 1960s which averaged 350,000 dwellings per 2000. Viewed over the long-term, however, the annum. reduction in UK housing output is even more dramatic 134 European Union Report Regular National Report on Housing Developments in European Countries 135
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REGULAR NATIONAL REPORT ON SYNTHESI
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Regular National Report on Housing
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Table of Contents Table of Contents
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Definition of Terms New Member Stat
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Section 1 Introduction and Summary
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Section 2 Context Context Section 2
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