History Matters: Path dependence and innovation in British city ...

Table 25: Employment in KIBS sectors
Indicator
Time series
Data source
Geographic basis
Definitions
Percentage of city-region’s employees in KIBS sectors.
1981, 1991, 2005 (economic trough years).
ONS: 1981 Census of Employment; 1991 Annual Employment Survey; 2005 Annual Business
Inquiry.
Data for local authority districts is best-fit to 1998 TTWA boundaries (pre-1996 districts are
used for 1981 data).
KIBS sectors are narrowly defined, using the definition adopted in Simmie & Strambach
(2006).
For 1991 and 2005, the definition is based on the 1992 SIC and includes the following
activity codes: 72 (computer & related activities), 73 (R&D), 74.1 (legal services, accounting/
auditing, market research, business & management consultancy, management of holdings),
74.2 (architecture, engineering & related technical consultancy), 74.3 (technical testing &
analysis) and 74.4 (advertising).
For 1981, the definition is based on the 1980 SIC, and includes the following activity codes:
83.5 (legal services), 83.6 (accouting/auditing), 83.7 (professional/technical services), 83.8
(advertising), 83.94 (computer services), 83.95 (other business services), 83.96 (central
offices) and 94 (R&D).
Comments
The figures for 1981 are not directly comparable with those for 1991 and 2005. This is
because it is not possible to obtain an exact match between the sectors used in the 1980 SIC
and 1992 SIC. The 1981 definition is slightly wider than that used for 1991 and 2005.
Indicators of absorptive capacity
Table 26: Information sources for innovation
Indicator
Time series
Data source
Geographic basis
Definitions
Comments
Importance of different sources of information used by firms in their innovation activities.
CIS4 survey covers innovation activities in 2002-2004.
DTI, UK Innovation Survey 2002-04 (CIS4) dataset; responses to Question 16 in CIS4 survey.
The CIS4 dataset uses the firm’s postcode sector as a geographic reference; this is used to
allocate firms to 1998 TTWAs.
None.
None.
Table 27: Employment in R&D
Indicator
Time series
Data source
Geographic basis
Definitions
Comments
Percentage of city-region’s employees in R&D sector.
1981, 1991, 2005 (economic trough years).
ONS: 1981 Census of Employment; 1991 Annual Employment Survey; 2005 Annual Business Inquiry.
Data for local authority districts is best-fit to 1998 TTWA boundaries (pre-1996 districts are
used for 1981 data).
R&D is 1992 SIC category 73 (for 1991 & 2005 data); and 1980 SIC category 94 (for 1981 data.
Reliability of AES/ABI data on R&D employment for certain cities appears to be affected by
re-classification of employment, particularly between the R&D and higher education sectors;
this is a particular problem with the R&D employment data for the Oxford city-region.
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